Published Paper Details:

The increasing threat of climate change poses significant challenges to global agricultural productivity, food security, and environmental sustainability. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is the most suitable strategic framework to address the triple challenge of sustainably increasing productivity, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing resilience. This review provides current evidence on CSA as a roadmap for sustainable farming and long-term food security. The conceptual framework of CSA is explained with its three core pillars, namely productivity, adaptation, and mitigation and its link to sustainable agriculture and food system resilience. Key CSA practices, including conservation agriculture, agroforestry, crop diversification, integrated nutrient and pest management and climate-resilient crop varieties, were studied. The role of digital technologies such as remote sensing, crop modelling, and artificial intelligence in enhancing farm-level decision-making is discussed, along with persistent barriers to adoption among smallholder farmers. Empirical studies from Africa and other developing regions highlight the potential of CSA to improve yields, household nutrition, and climate resilience, while also highlighting the influence of socioeconomic conditions, governance, and policy design. The paper concludes with research gaps and policy recommendations for mainstreaming CSA within national agricultural strategies and global sustainability agendas, particularly the Sustainable Development Goals.