Published Paper Details:

The lightning-induced overvoltage phenomenon poses a significant threat to insulation stress and failures in high voltage substations. Although much work has been done to understand the mechanisms of shielding failures (SF) and back flashover (BFO), the cumulative effect of both on overvoltage in substations, especially in the presence of lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP), has not been adequately explored in the past. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive review on the subject by critically examining the phenomenon of lightning induced overvoltage in the context of lightning sources, transmission line behavior, and substation transients. A comparative evaluation of widely used lightning current models and attachment models (Electro geometric Model and Leader Progression Model) is conducted, highlighting their impact on predicted overvoltage levels. The analysis shows that conventional electromagnetic transient (EMT) approaches may significantly underestimate overvoltage due to neglect of LEMP effects, especially in BFO scenarios. Furthermore, the roles of multi-stroke lightning, grounding nonlinearity, and travelling wave interactions are critically examined. The review identifies key limitations in existing modeling approaches, including single-stroke assumptions and lack of integrated system-level analysis. Based on these findings, future research directions are proposed toward high-fidelity, multi-physics modeling frameworks for improved insulation coordination and lightning performance assessment in modern power systems.