Published Paper Details:

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that continues to pose a major global health challenge due to its rising prevalence, long-term complications, and significant economic burden. While traditional therapies such as oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin have long served as the foundation of diabetes management, recent advancements in pharmacological innovation, technology-driven monitoring, and predictive analytics have transformed modern care. Emerging drug classes--including SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and next generation insulin analogues--offer improved glycemic control along with cardiovascular and renal protection. Complementary technological innovations such as continuous glucose monitoring systems, insulin pumps, and closed-loop artificial pancreas devices enhance precision, reduce glycemic variability, and promote patient-centred care. Additionally, machine learning-based predictive models support early detection, risk stratification, and personalized treatment planning. Despite these improvements, challenges remain regarding cost, accessibility, long-term safety, and technological literacy. This review highlights recent advances in pharmacological, technological, and analytical strategies, discusses their limitations, and outlines future perspectives in achieving personalized, efficient, and equitable diabetes management.