Published Paper Details:

Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic virus that represents a significant and recurring threat to global public health. Since its first identification in 1998, NiV has caused multiple outbreaks across South and Southeast Asia, demonstrating a high case fatality rate and the potential for rapid geographic spread. The virus exists in distinct strains--most notably the Malaysia and Bangladesh strains--each exhibiting variations in transmission dynamics, virulence, and epidemiological patterns. These differences complicate surveillance and response strategies, underscoring the need for strain-specific research and intervention approaches. NiV infection is characterized by a swift and severe clinical progression, often presenting with acute respiratory distress and fatal encephalitis. The rapid onset and high mortality associated with the virus strain healthcare systems, particularly in resource-limited settings. Furthermore, early diagnosis remains challenging due to nonspecific initial symptoms, limited access to advanced laboratory testing, and the requirement for high-containment biosafety laboratories for confirmation. These diagnostic constraints delay timely treatment and containment efforts, increasing the risk of widespread transmission. The complex transmission dynamics of NiV further exacerbate its threat. The virus is naturally harbored in fruit bats of the Pteropus genus and can spread to humans through contaminated food sources, infected intermediate hosts, or direct human-to-human transmission. The latter route, especially evident in outbreaks in Bangladesh and India, raises serious concerns about epidemic potential. Environmental changes, expanding human-animal interfaces, and global travel amplify the risk of future outbreaks and possible international dissemination. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines or specific antiviral treatments approved for Nipah virus infection, although several therapeutic candidates and vaccine platforms are under investigation. This highlights an urgent need for intensified research and development efforts aimed at effective countermeasures. Strengthening surveillance systems, improving diagnostic infrastructure, and implementing robust biosecurity protocols are critical components of preparedness and response frameworks. In light of these challenges, a coordinated and sustained global response is imperative. Addressing the evolving epidemiological and ecological landscape of NiV requires proactive strategies grounded in scientific evidence, global cooperation, and long-term investment in emerging infectious disease preparedness.