Published Paper Details:

The research examines how cryptocurrency and central bank digital currency adoption affects international trade USD usage through changes in payment infrastructure and trade speed and financial access for different population segments and regulatory frameworks. The research uses an extended Gravity Model of Trade together with panel data which draws from IMF World Bank BIS and WTO public databases to study trade patterns from 2015 through 2025. The study includes digital currency integration as a variable together with demographic structure and trade policy as conditioning factors. The research findings show that digital currencies help reduce banking settlement challenges through atomic transactions which reduces the need for USD as a payment vehicle in specific trade routes. The statistical data indicates that substitution effects become substantial when economies contain both youthful residents and effective regulatory frameworks. The value of dollars as a storage asset continues to dominate because of how currency reserves function and the benefits which come from being part of a large financial network. The research indicates that de-dollarization exists as a partial currency substitution process which results from technological advancements and population spread across different areas. The research establishes a single analytical system which unites digital finance with population dynamics and trade governance to study international macroeconomics.