Published Paper Details:

Shaivism has played a foundational role in shaping the religious landscape, cultural ethos, and architectural traditions of Bengal from ancient times through the early medieval period. The region, encompassing present-day West Bengal and Bangladesh, emerged as a significant centre of Shaiva worship, as evidenced by archaeological remains, epigraphic records, literary references, and living ritual traditions. Ancient Shaivite temples of Bengal were not merely sacred spaces for ritual worship but also functioned as nuclei of social organization, artistic expression, economic activity, and cultural continuity. This paper undertakes a comprehensive historical and archaeological investigation of the ancient Shaivite temples of Bengal, focusing on their origin, spatial distribution, architectural forms, ritual practices, and cultural significance. Special attention is given to the distinctive regional adaptations of Shaiva temple architecture, particularly the Rekha Deul tradition and the extensive use of brick and terracotta, which reflect both environmental constraints and indigenous creativity. The study also situates Shaivism within the broader religious milieu of Bengal, highlighting its interaction with Buddhism, Vaishnavism, and Shakta-Tantric traditions. Methodologically, the paper integrates literary analysis, epigraphic study, archaeological evidence, and historiographical review to present a nuanced understanding of Shaivism as a dynamic and evolving tradition rather than a monolithic religious system. By examining major temple sites such as Jatar Deul, Ichhai Ghosher Deul, and Tarakeswar, the paper demonstrates how Shaivite temples contributed to the formation of Bengal's regional identity and sustained popular religious life over centuries. The study further addresses the heritage value of these temples and critically examines contemporary challenges related to conservation, neglect, and environmental degradation. It argues that the preservation of ancient Shaivite temples is essential not only for reconstructing Bengal's early history but also for safeguarding the pluralistic and syncretic cultural legacy of eastern India.