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Environmental degradation, climate change, and ecological imbalance have emerged as defining challenges of the modern age, compelling scholars across disciplines to re-examine humanity's relationship with nature. In literary studies, eco-criticism has developed as a critical framework that interrogates how literature represents the natural world and critiques anthropocentric ideologies that justify environmental exploitation. Long before the formal emergence of eco-criticism in Western literary discourse during the late twentieth century, ecological consciousness had already been articulated in indigenous philosophies and spiritual traditions. One such remarkable yet underexplored figure is Guru Jambheshwar (1451-1536), the founder of the Bishnoi community in India, whose teachings present a deeply ethical, spiritual, and practical approach to environmental conservation. This comparative study seeks to examine Guru Jambheshwar's ecological teachings alongside the principles of modern eco-criticism in English literature, highlighting their convergences, divergences, and contemporary relevance. Guru Jambheshwar's teachings, encapsulated in his twenty-nine commandments, advocate for the protection of flora and fauna, sustainable use of natural resources, non-violence toward all living beings, and harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. These principles are not merely symbolic or metaphysical but are grounded in daily practices such as conservation of water, protection of trees, and compassion toward animals. His philosophy situates nature as sacred, intrinsically valuable, and morally significant, thereby challenging human-centered worldviews centuries before ecological ethics became a subject of academic inquiry. The Bishnoi tradition, inspired by Guru Jambheshwar, exemplifies an eco-centric worldview in which environmental stewardship is inseparable from spiritual and social responsibility. Modern eco-criticism in English literature, as developed by scholars such as Cheryll Glotfelty, Lawrence Buell, and Jonathan Bate, similarly critiques anthropocentrism and emphasizes the interconnectedness of human and non-human life. Eco-critical readings of literary texts explore how narratives reflect environmental exploitation, ecological loss, and the ethical implications of industrialization and colonial expansion. Works by Romantic poets like William Wordsworth and John Keats, as well as contemporary writers such as Margaret Atwood and Amitav Ghosh, reveal a growing literary awareness of ecological fragility and the consequences of human dominance over nature. Eco-criticism thus functions both as a mode of literary analysis and as a cultural intervention that seeks to reshape environmental consciousness.