Published Paper Details:

Wound healing is a dynamic, multifaceted biological process essential for restoring tissue integrity following injury. This comprehensive review examines wound classification by duration, depth, contamination, and etiology, alongside major types including traumatic, surgical, burn, pressure, venous, arterial, diabetic, and mixed ulcers. The physiological phases hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling are detailed at cellular and molecular levels, highlighting dysregulation in chronic wounds due to persistent inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, biofilm formation, and oxidative stress. Standard management follows the TIME framework (Tissue debridement, Infection control, Moisture balance, Edge advancement), with type-specific strategies such as compression for venous ulcers, offloading for diabetic foot ulcers, and revascularization for arterial wounds. Advanced adjunctives, including negative-pressure therapy and hyperbaric oxygen, are discussed. Emerging regenerative approaches focus on bioactive hydrogels, stem cell-derived exosomes, and nanoparticle integrations, which modulate inflammation, promote angiogenesis, and enhance extracellular matrix remodeling for improved outcomes in chronic and diabetic wounds. These innovations, including stimuli-responsive systems and exosome-laden scaffolds, represent promising cell-free therapies to accelerate repair and minimize scarring.