Published Paper Details:

This study focuses on analyzing Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), biological activity, and key physiological indicators across various regions surrounding Raipur. TDS is one of the primary impurities found in mixing water, and its concentration must adhere to specific limits as outlined in construction codes, given its potential to affect concrete properties. The research examines how variations in TDS levels influence both the fresh and hardened states of concrete. TDS, characterized by its low signal-to-noise ratio and optical inertness, is typically detected indirectly through changes in optically active water quality parameters (WQPs) within the visible, near-infrared, and infrared spectra. The findings suggest elevated TDS concentrations in contaminated sites, with marked vertical variations in TDS and bulk conductivity, indicating significant spatial and depth-related variability. Beyond its effects on construction materials, elevated TDS levels adversely impact ecosystems and human health, influencing organs such as the gastrointestinal system, heart, lungs, skin, liver, and reproductive system. Furthermore, water with TDS levels exceeding 500 ppm can cause excessive scaling in household appliances like boilers, heaters, and pipelines. To mitigate the risks associated with high TDS levels, various removal techniques have been developed, including ion exchange, electrochemical methods, precipitation, desalination, nanofiltration, distillation, ultrafiltration, forward osmosis, and reverse osmosis. However, each method has its own limitations regarding efficiency and applicability across different water matrices. This review explores the relationship between TDS and other physicochemical parameters based on an analysis of fifteen water samples collected from multiple locations within Raipur city. The primary objective of the research is to assess the quality of drinking water available to residents. The results demonstrate that many water samples exhibit TDS concentrations within the permissible limits set by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), with detailed observations presented in the discussion section. The study emphasizes the importance of public awareness regarding the long-term health risks associated with consuming water from various regions.