Published Paper Details:

Nanoemulsions represent emerging colloidal pharmaceutical delivery systems with exceptional potential for enhancing oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble pharmaceutical substances. These advanced formulations comprise nanometer-sized oil droplets (typically 20-200 nanometers) dispersed in aqueous continuous phases and stabilized by surfactant molecules, establishing novel delivery mechanisms that substantially improve therapeutic efficacy. Approximately one-third of newly discovered pharmaceutical candidates exhibit insufficient water solubility, restricting oral bioavailability and necessitating innovative formulation approaches. Nanoemulsions demonstrate multifactorial mechanisms for bioavailability improvement including enhanced drug solubility through lipid-based encapsulation, increased gastrointestinal membrane permeability via reduced droplet dimensions, protection against enzymatic degradation within the gastrointestinal tract, and facilitation of lymphatic transport circumventing hepatic first-pass metabolism. Formulation methodologies encompass both high-energy techniques including high-pressure homogenization and ultrasonication alongside low-energy approaches including self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems demonstrating comparable efficacy with substantially reduced energy requirements. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization through dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, and transmission electron microscopy provides essential formulation quality assurance. Clinical evidence demonstrates remarkable bioavailability enhancements across diverse pharmaceutical substances, with fenofibrate and paclitaxel nanoemulsions illustrating exceptional therapeutic potential. Safety profiles demonstrate exceptional tolerability supporting long-term clinical applications. Versatility encompassing oral, transdermal, intravenous, and pulmonary administration routes establishes nanoemulsions as adaptable platforms accommodating diverse therapeutic requirements. This comprehensive review systematizes contemporary knowledge regarding nanoemulsion formulation, characterization, bioavailability enhancement mechanisms, and pharmaceutical applications.