Published Paper Details:

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most critical global public health challenges, threatening the effective prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. The rapid evolution of resistant microorganisms is primarily driven by the overuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents in human medicine, veterinary practice, agriculture, and inadequate infection control measures. This resistance compromises the efficacy of conventional therapies, leading to prolonged illnesses, increased mortality, and escalating healthcare costs. Recent advances in understanding the molecular and genetic mechanisms of AMR--such as target modification, enzymatic drug inactivation, efflux pump overexpression, and biofilm formation--have provided valuable insights for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Significant progress has been made in pharmacological management through the introduction of new antimicrobial agents, combination therapies, and ?-lactam/?-lactamase inhibitor formulations that enhance activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens. In addition, alternative approaches including antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophage therapy, immunomodulators, drug repurposing, and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems are being actively explored to overcome resistance. Advances in rapid diagnostic techniques and antimicrobial stewardship programs further support rational drug use and timely, targeted therapy. This review highlights recent developments in antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and evaluates contemporary pharmacological interventions aimed at combating resistant infections, emphasizing the need for integrated global efforts to control and mitigate the growing threat of AMR.