Published Paper Details:

Abstract White spot lesions (WSLs) constitute a significant clinical complication in orthodontics, resulting from enamel demineralization around fixed appliances. This comprehensive literature review examines current evidence on the incidence, risk factors, and prevention of WSLs in orthodontic patients. Analysis of recent studies indicates that WSL incidence varies substantially (20-90%), with adolescent patients demonstrating the highest susceptibility (50-60% incidence). Key risk factors include inadequate oral hygiene, prolonged treatment duration (>24 months), frequent cariogenic dietary intake, and insufficient fluoride exposure. Maxillary anterior teeth, particularly lateral incisors and canines, are most commonly affected. Contemporary preventive strategies encompass multimodal approaches combining patient education, professional fluoride applications, fluoride-releasing materials, and remineralizing agents. Advanced detection technologies like quantitative light-induced fluorescence enhance early intervention capabilities. This review emphasizes the necessity for orthodontists to implement evidence-based preventive protocols throughout treatment to minimize this prevalent iatrogenic complication and ensure optimal treatment outcomes.