Published Paper Details:

Liquid Chromatography (LC) remains the cornerstone of pharmaceutical analysis, but the demands for higher throughput, complex molecule analysis, and sustainability have driven a profound technological transformation. This review comprehensively examines the critical trends defining modern LC. The shift to Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) and core-shell technology has delivered superior speed and resolution by leveraging sub-2 ?m particles. Concurrently, the coupling of LC with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) has become indispensable for unknown impurity identification and the characterization of complex biopharmaceuticals via the Multi-Attribute Method (MAM). Methodological advancements are anchored by Quality by Design (QbD), utilizing statistical tools like Design of Experiments (DoE) to create robust, regulatory-compliant analytical methods. Furthermore, the commitment to Green Analytical Chemistry is realized through the adoption of techniques like Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC), significantly reducing organic solvent consumption. Future trends point towards greater automation, integration of Artificial Intelligence, and continued miniaturization to meet the challenges of an increasingly complex drug pipeline. The development of these chromatographic techniques and their vital significance in pharmaceutical process optimization, product quality assurance, and regulatory compliance throughout the drug development lifecycle will be covered in this study. This review provides the state of the art of green analytical methodologies for environmental analysis of pharmaceutically active compounds in the aquatic environment with special emphasis on strategies for greening liquid chromatography (LC).