Published Paper Details:

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) and Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANETs) consist of battery-powered nodes that organize themselves without any fixed infrastructure. Energy conservation and route reliability are fundamental challenges because network lifetime and quality of service depend on how routing protocols handle node mobility and limited energy. The low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is reducing energy consumption by clustering nodes, aggregating data and using a time-division multiple access schedule. However, conventional LEACH does not consider residual energy or node mobility during cluster-head (CH) selection. Ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) along with other multipath protocols allow the sender to keep multiple loop free and link disjoint routes although they have overhead and may choose stale paths in situations with high mobility. Dynamic source routing (DSR) enables self-configuring routes through on-demand discovery and maintenance and allows a sender to store several routes to each destination. This paper proposes a hybrid routing approach that combines energy-aware cluster-head selection with multipath and link-reliability routing. The High-Mobility LEACH (HM-LEACH) algorithm selects cluster heads based on node mobility and remaining energy, rotates the CH role periodically and cooperates with AOMDV to discovery multiple paths between a source and a destination. For flying ad hoc networks, the approach integrates a link-reliability modification of DSR (DSR-LR) to adapt to the high three-dimensional mobility of unmanned aerial vehicles. Simulations conducted in NS-2 for MANETs and FANETs demonstrate that the proposed scheme improves packet delivery ratio, reduces energy consumption and lowers routing overhead compared with conventional AODV and DSDV protocols.