Published Paper Details:

Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) is one of the most versatile and widely used chromatographic techniques for the separation, purification, and quantitative analysis of charged biomolecules. This review highlights the fundamental principles, operational mechanisms, and diverse applications of IEC in pharmaceutical, biochemical, environmental, and industrial research. Ion-exchange resins containing functional cationic or anionic groups interact with oppositely charged analytes, allowing highly selective and efficient separation based on charge density, ionic strength, pKa, and molecular structure. Advancements in stationary phase chemistry, membrane-based ion exchangers, monolithic columns, and coupled techniques such as ion-exchange chromatography-mass spectrometry (IEC-MS) have significantly improved resolution, speed, and sensitivity. IEC has become indispensable for purification of therapeutic proteins, plasmid DNA, monoclonal antibodies, peptides, and complex biological mixtures, as well as for water quality and environmental monitoring. Recent developments in high-performance ion-exchange materials, mixed-mode exchangers, and continuous chromatography have expanded its role in bioprocessing and analytical science. This review compiles updated research findings, technological progress, and future prospects of IEC.