Published Paper Details:

White spot lesions (WSLs) are a common complication of orthodontic treatment, resulting from enamel demineralization beneath an intact surface due to plaque accumulation around fixed appliances. Their prevalence ranges from 30% to 70%, with higher rates in patients exhibiting poor oral hygiene, high carbohydrate intake, prolonged treatment, or pre-existing enamel defects. Prevention relies on a multifaceted approach, including meticulous mechanical plaque control, fluoride-based chemical adjuncts, resin sealants, and advanced remineralization agents such as CPP-ACP, bioactive glass, and hydroxyapatite pastes. Emerging strategies, including probiotics, polyols, laser irradiation, antimicrobial peptides, nano-silver agents, appliance design innovations, and AI-guided compliance monitoring, offer adjunctive benefits. Post-treatment management of WSLs involves remineralization, microabrasion, bleaching, and resin infiltration depending on lesion severity. Despite technological advances, patient compliance and regular professional reinforcement remain pivotal. Future research should focus on long-term, standardized clinical trials to establish evidence-based protocols for the prevention and management of orthodontic WSLs.