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The Buddhist philosophy of Dukkha (suffering) and Moksha (liberation) represents one of the most profound explorations of human existence and its ultimate transcendence. Gautama Buddha’s central insight lies in the recognition that suffering is not an accidental condition but an inherent aspect of life, rooted in ignorance (avidyā) and craving (tṛṣṇā). Through the Four Noble Truths—Dukkha, Dukkhasamudaya, Dukkha Nirodha, and Dukkha Nirodha Marga. Buddhism provides a rational and experiential framework for understanding the cause of suffering and the path to liberation. The Eightfold Path, based on morality (śīla), meditation (samādhi), and wisdom (prajñā), guides individuals toward ethical living, mental discipline, and insight leading to nirvāṇa, the state of ultimate peace and freedom from desire. In the modern context, when humanity faces increasing psychological stress, consumerism, and existential emptiness, the Buddhist doctrines of mindfulness, compassion, detachment, and the Middle Way offer a timeless solution. Contemporary psychological practices such as mindfulness-based therapies echo the essence of Buddhist meditation, emphasizing awareness and inner balance. Thus, the Buddhist theory of suffering and liberation remains a living philosophy relevant not only for spiritual awakening but also for restoring ethical and emotional harmony in today’s world, illuminating a path from material discontent to inner peace and universal compassion.