Published Paper Details:

Craniofacial bone defects from trauma, congenital anomalies, tumors, or infections present significant reconstructive challenges due to their complex anatomy and functional-cosmetic importance. Conventional grafting techniques autografts, allografts, and xenografts are limited by donor site morbidity, immune rejection, and poor integration. Stem cell-based regenerative strategies, particularly involving mesenchymal stem cells (from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and dental sources), offer promising alternatives by enabling osteogenic differentiation, paracrine signaling, immunomodulation, and angiogenesis. Integration with biomaterials and scaffolds, including hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, natural polymers, and advanced 3D-printed or growth factor-loaded scaffolds, enhances structural support and tissue regeneration. Emerging technologies such as gene-edited stem cells, organoids, stem cell-derived exosomes, and AI-guided scaffold design enable patient-specific, biologically integrated therapies that improve functional outcomes, accelerate healing, and reduce morbidity. Stem cell-mediated craniofacial regeneration thus holds transformative potential for restoring anatomy, function, and psychosocial well-being in patients with complex craniofacial defects.