Published Paper Details:

There is a lot of interest in nature-inspired nanocarriers because of the increasing need for effective and biocompatible medication delivery systems. Milk-derived extracellular vesicles (mEVs) and microbe-inspired platforms are two new bioinspired approaches that have shown great promise for therapeutic delivery. Because of their intrinsic stability, biocompatibility, and capacity to encapsulate a wide variety of bioactive compounds, mEVs are desirable options for transdermal, intravenous, and oral delivery. Their low immunogenicity and natural origin make them even more suitable for clinical translation. In parallel, biological processes like adhesion, motility, and molecular recognition are used by microbe-inspired microneedle arrays and nanosystems to enhance tissue targeting and regulated drug release. By imitating microbial efficiency, these technologies can get beyond physiological barriers and provide minimally invasive site-specific delivery. The basic characteristics, design ideas, and most recent developments of delivery systems based on milk vesicles and microbes are thoroughly examined in this paper. Their manufacturing processes, modes of action, therapeutic uses in cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and regenerative medicine, as well as the difficulties with scalability, safety, and regulatory approval, are highlighted. Combining these bioinspired strategies is a possible first step towards patient-specific, next-generation treatments. Future advancements are anticipated to concentrate on intelligent delivery systems and hybrid micro-nano architectures that integrate manufactured and natural elements for improved clinical efficacy.