Published Paper Details:

Pain is one of the most prevalent health concerns, often managed using synthetic analgesics such as NSAIDs and opioids, which are associated with severe adverse effects including gastrointestinal irritation, renal toxicity, and dependence. This has led to increasing interest in plant-based alternatives with improved safety profiles. Ziziphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae), widely used in traditional medicine, is rich in flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and tannins, and has demonstrated analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. However, the therapeutic application of its phytoconstituents is limited by poor solubility, low permeability, and inadequate bioavailability when delivered through conventional formulations. To overcome these challenges, the present study aimed to formulate and evaluate a niosomal gel of Z. mauritiana leaf extract for topical analgesic delivery. Niosomes were prepared by the thin-film hydration method, optimized for vesicle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency, and subsequently incorporated into a Carbopol-based gel. The formulation was characterized for pH, viscosity, spreadability, in vitro release, and in vivo analgesic activity using the tail immersion model in Wistar rats. Results revealed sustained drug release, enhanced permeation, and significant analgesic efficacy comparable to diclofenac gel. The findings suggest that Z. mauritiana-loaded niosomal gel is a promising natural and effective alternative for localized pain management with improved patient compliance.