Published Paper Details:

The analysis of body fluids represents one of the most crucial aspects of forensic investigations, providing valuable biological evidence that aids in criminal identification, reconstruction of events, and linking suspects to crime scenes. This review discusses the significance of commonly encountered body fluids such as blood, semen, saliva, urine, sweat, and vaginal secretions, along with emerging sources such as earwax and breast milk. Traditional presumptive and confirmatory methods are compared with recently developed molecular and analytical approaches including mRNA profiling, proteomics, microbiome analysis, and mass spectrometry. The paper also evaluates observations from literature, discusses advantages and challenges of newly developed techniques, and outlines future perspectives. The findings suggest that while traditional methods remain relevant, modern molecular biology and bioinformatics are transforming forensic serology into a multidisciplinary science with greater sensitivity, specificity, and evidentiary value.