Published Paper Details:

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in regulating the carbon and nitrogen cycles, two of the most critical biogeochemical processes sustaining life on Earth. In the carbon cycle, microbes contribute to the decomposition of organic matter, converting complex carbon compounds into simpler forms and releasing carbon dioxide (CO?) through respiration. Photosynthetic microorganisms, such as cyanobacteria, fix atmospheric CO?, supporting primary production in aquatic ecosystems. In anaerobic environments, methanogenic archaea produce methane (CH?), while methanotrophic bacteria help mitigate emissions by oxidizing methane to CO?. In the nitrogen cycle, microorganisms facilitate key transformations including nitrogen fixation, nitrification, ammonification, and denitrification. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen (N?) into ammonia (NH?), making it bioavailable to plants. Nitrifying bacteria oxidize ammonia into nitrites and nitrates, while denitrifying microbes return nitrogen to the atmosphere. These microbial processes are essential for nutrient availability, soil fertility, and greenhouse gas regulation. Understanding microbial contributions to carbon and nitrogen cycling is critical in the context of climate change, agriculture, and ecosystem sustainability. This review highlights the diversity, mechanisms, and environmental significance of microbial communities involved in these cycles, emphasizing their indispensable role in maintaining ecological balance.