Published Paper Details:

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies into urban infrastructures has become essential for building sustainable and smart cities. A critical challenge in deploying large-scale IoT systems is ensuring energy-efficient data routing due to the limited battery life and computational resources of most IoT devices. This research focuses on developing and optimizing energy-efficient routing protocols tailored for scalable IoT networks. We propose a hybrid routing approach that leverages both cluster-based and opportunistic routing strategies, adapting dynamically to network conditions to minimize energy consumption. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed protocol significantly improves energy efficiency, extends network lifetime, and maintains reliable data transmission in various smart city applications. This study contributes a scalable routing framework capable of supporting the ever-increasing demands of IoT-based smart environments.