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Executive Summary Human rights, inherent to all individuals regardless of status, form the foundational bedrock of a just and equitable global society. These universal, inalienable, indivisible, and interdependent entitlements fundamentally challenge traditional notions of state sovereignty by positing an external moral and legal standard for governmental conduct. The internationalization of human rights, significantly catalyzed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and subsequent legally binding covenants, has established a comprehensive framework of norms and mechanisms. Protection of these rights is a multi-stakeholder endeavor, critically involving states as primary duty-bearers, robust international organizations, and dynamic people's movements that often serve as catalysts for change. Despite significant progress in codifying and promoting human rights, the contemporary global landscape presents escalating and interconnected challenges. The rise of authoritarianism, particularly through digital surveillance, poses a systemic threat to civil liberties and democratic participation. Forced migration, increasingly driven by climate change, exposes critical gaps in existing legal protections. Persistent issues such as caste-based atrocities and pervasive gender-based violence underscore the limitations of legal frameworks alone in dismantling deeply entrenched systemic discrimination and power imbalances. Addressing these multifaceted challenges necessitates a renewed, concerted commitment from all actors. This includes reinforcing state adherence to international obligations, strengthening the efficiency and adaptability of international organizations, fostering genuine international cooperation, and empowering grassroots movements to continue their vital role in shaping a more equitable and dignified future for all.