Published Paper Details:

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have emerged as a critical technology in diverse domains such as environmental monitoring, industrial automation, military surveillance, and smart cities. However, the open and resource-constrained nature of WSNs makes them highly vulnerable to security threats and hazardous conditions. This study presents an inclusive investigation of contemporary security protocols aimed at hazard prevention in WSNs. The research explores various modern cryptographic mechanisms, intrusion detection systems, secure routing protocols, and trust-based models that have been developed to counteract internal and external attacks. Furthermore, it analyzes the trade-offs between energy efficiency, latency, and security performance. The investigation provides a comparative evaluation of the protocols, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and suitability for different deployment scenarios. The paper concludes by identifying current research gaps and suggesting future directions for developing adaptive and lightweight security solutions that ensure the reliability and safety of WSNs in hostile and dynamic environments.