Published Paper Details:

Soil serves as a fundamental component of terrestrial ecosystems and a primary medium for agricultural production. It acts as a reservoir of water and nutrients, making its physical and chemical properties vital to crop growth and yield. Among these, soil texture and structure are paramount in determining how water is retained and distributed within the soil matrix. Soil texture refers to the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles, while soil structure pertains to the arrangement of these particles into aggregates or peds. These physical attributes influence porosity, permeability, aeration, root development, microbial activity, and ultimately, crop performance. This review paper critically evaluates how soil texture and structure interact to influence water retention and crop productivity. Drawing upon various scientific studies, it explores the fundamental principles governing soil-water interactions, the classification and significance of different soil types, and how management practices and organic amendments can enhance soil water dynamics. Furthermore, this paper examines the role of emerging technologies like remote sensing, artificial intelligence (AI), and geographic information systems (GIS) in improving water use efficiency in agriculture. The paper also highlights the importance of tailored soil management for specific crops like wheat, rice, and maize, based on their water requirements and root behavior. The review considers the implications of climate change, particularly shifts in rainfall patterns, increased evapotranspiration, and prolonged droughts, on soil-water relationships. Finally, it identifies gaps in current research and suggests future directions for developing sustainable soil and water management strategies that support long-term agricultural productivity. Integrating multidisciplinary approaches and ensuring knowledge dissemination among farmers and policymakers will be key to maintaining soil health and ensuring food security under evolving environmental conditions.