Published Paper Details:

The Indian Railways, recognised as the world's fourth-largest rail network and India's most extensive mode of mass transportation, plays a pivotal role in the country's economic development, social integration, and regional connectivity. However, it also significantly contributes to environmental degradation through unchecked waste generation and excessive fossil fuel consumption. This study investigates the multifaceted efforts of Indian Railways to transition toward a more sustainable, energy-efficient, and environmentally responsible system in alignment with India's broader climate goals. Drawing from government reports, legal frameworks, operational data, and institutional initiatives, the paper explores key challenges such as the generation of nearly 670 tonnes of solid waste daily, the uncontrolled disposal of plastic and human waste along railway tracks, and the environmental hazards arising from the use of over 2.7 billion gallons of diesel annually. Despite regulatory frameworks like the Solid Waste Management Rules (2016), compliance remains inconsistent due to gaps in infrastructure, inter-departmental coordination, and public engagement. In response, Indian Railways has adopted multiple green growth initiatives including the installation of more than 2,44,000 bio-toilets across 69,000 coaches, deployment of plastic bottle crushing machines at over 370 stations, introduction of vacuum toilets, and experimentation with converting plastic waste into reusable construction materials. On the energy front, the paper documents IR's ambitious transition to renewable sources, highlighting the electrification of 58,812 km of track as of April 2023 and its growing renewable energy capacity, which currently stands at 220 MW with plans to scale up to 3,450 MW. These steps are projected to reduce transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions by up to 40%. The study further emphasizes the need for eco-smart interventions such as incentivized plastic disposal systems for passengers, AI-based waste monitoring, expanded CSR participation, and regular environmental audits. Ultimately, this research argues that Indian Railways is uniquely positioned to become a global model of sustainable public infrastructure. Its ongoing transformation reflects not only India's technological and administrative capabilities but also its commitment to achieving net-zero emissions and fostering inclusive green growth.