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The plant Euphorbia tirucalli, commonly known as the pencil tree or milk bush, is a versatile species with significant medicinal and pharmacological potential. This review explores its phytochemical composition, traditional medicinal uses, and pharmacological activities, highlighting its importance in ethnomedicine and modern research. Euphorbia tirucalli is rich in bioactive compounds, including diterpenes, triterpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which contribute to its wide range of therapeutic effects. Traditionally, it has been used for treating ailments such as warts, asthma, and gastrointestinal disorders, and as a remedy for cancer in some cultures.Pharmacological studies reveal its potential as an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anticancer agent, emphasizing its therapeutic relevance. However, the plant's latex contains toxic compounds that require careful handling and controlled usage to mitigate adverse effects. This review also examines recent advancements in the pharmacological evaluation of Euphorbia tirucalli, underscoring the need for further research into its bioactive constituents, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications. A comprehensive understanding of this plant's properties could pave the way for the development of novel natural drugs and alternative therapeutic strategies.The medicinal uses of Euphorbia tirucalli are diverse, reflecting its significance in traditional and alternative medicine. The plant is renowned for its application in cancer treatment, where its latex is traditionally used for its perceived anticancer properties. Modern studies have identified its potential to induce apoptosis in cancer cells, particularly through compounds like ingenol mebutate. Additionally, the plant is widely used for treating skin disorders, including warts and other dermatological conditions, where its latex is applied externally. It also has anti-inflammatory properties, making it effective in managing arthritis, asthma, and bronchitis. In traditional remedies, decoctions made from its stems and leaves are used to relieve respiratory issues and inflammatory conditions.Furthermore, Euphorbia tirucalli demonstrates antimicrobial properties, being effective against a range of bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections. It is also employed as a pain reliever and is used to alleviate headaches and body pain. In gastrointestinal health, the plant acts as a mild laxative and is used to treat constipation and other digestive disorders. These therapeutic applications highlight the plant's versatility, though caution is necessary due to the toxicity of its latex.