Published Paper Details:

The bilateral relationship between India and Saudi Arabia has traditionally been rooted in energy interdependence, with crude oil dominating trade exchanges for decades. However, the landscape is rapidly evolving. Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 seeks to transform the Kingdom into a diversified economy with thriving sectors such as tourism, renewable energy, and technology. Parallelly, India is emerging as a global economic power with growing energy needs and a burgeoning middle class, positioning itself as a strategic partner for Riyadh beyond hydrocarbons. This research explores the evolving contours of India-Saudi Arabia trade, analysing how both nations are transitioning from an oil-dependent trade framework to a multifaceted economic partnership. Drawing upon official trade data, government declarations, and academic literature, this paper examines the diversification strategies of both countries, key sectors for potential cooperation, and the role of institutional mechanisms in fostering sustainable trade relations. It highlights emerging sectors such as green hydrogen, fintech, infrastructure, pharmaceuticals, and defence collaboration as arenas of mutual growth. Additionally, the study identifies challenges like regulatory bottlenecks, geopolitical shifts, and economic uncertainties that may affect future trade trajectories. The paper concludes with policy recommendations aimed at enhancing economic synergy and mutual strategic interests. In an era defined by global decarbonization and economic realignment, the India-Saudi Arabia trade partnership is poised to move from oil to opportunities--offering a blueprint for diversified, resilient, and mutually beneficial bilateral relations.