Published Paper Details:

Transgender people in India, often referred to as hijras, kinners, or aravanis in different regions, have been a part of Indian society for centuries, with historical references in Hindu mythology, religious texts, and Mughal courts. Despite their cultural presence, they have long faced discrimination, social ostracization, and economic hardships. Traditionally, many transgender individuals in India have been associated with the hijra community, which has its own social structure, rituals, and traditions. However, not all transgender people identify as hijras; some live independently, while others undergo gender-affirming procedures and integrate into mainstream society. In recent years, there have been significant legal and social advancements for transgender rights in India. The landmark 2014 Supreme Court ruling in National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) v. Union of India recognized transgender individuals as a third gender and affirmed their fundamental rights, including access to education, employment, and healthcare. Following this, the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, was enacted to prohibit discrimination and promote inclusion, although it has faced criticism from the transgender community for not adequately addressing their concerns. Despite these legal strides, transgender individuals in India still encounter societal stigma, lack of employment opportunities, and barriers in accessing healthcare and education. Many are forced into begging, sex work, or other informal sectors due to discrimination. Advocacy groups and NGOs continue to push for better policies, gender-affirming healthcare, and awareness campaigns to foster greater acceptance. Increasing representation in media, politics, and corporate spaces is slowly challenging stereotypes, but true equality remains an ongoing struggle for India's transgender community. The article below brings into discussion the significant challenges faced by the transgender population that further fuel their inability to uplift themselves in Indian society.