Published Paper Details:

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by decreased bone mineral density (BMD), leading to bone fragility and an increased risk of fractures. It is particularly prevalent in postmenopausal women due to estrogen deficiency, with significant variations in prevalence across regions. Osteoporosis can be classified into primary (age-related or postmenopausal) and secondary forms, the latter arising from various underlying conditions or medications. Postmenopausal osteoporosis, resulting from hormonal changes after menopause, significantly accelerates bone loss, particularly in the trabecular bone. The pathophysiology involves an imbalance between bone resorption and formation, exacerbated by estrogen deficiency. Risk factors for osteoporosis include non-modifiable factors such as age, gender, and family history, and modifiable factors such as smoking, calcium deficiency, and sedentary lifestyle. Diagnosis relies on bone mineral density (BMD) assessments through DXA scans, with treatment options including pharmacological therapies (e.g., hormone replacement therapy, bisphosphonates, and anabolic agents) and non-pharmacological strategies (e.g., dietary recommendations, exercise, and lifestyle changes). Effective management of osteoporosis involves a combination of medications, supplements, and lifestyle modifications to prevent fractures and improve quality of life.