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ABSTRACT Particle delivery systems have garnered significant research interest in recent decades as carriers for both small and large molecules in drug delivery. The utilization of particulate systems, such as nanoparticles, has been employed to modify and enhance the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of numerous medicinal compounds. (1) Nanoparticles exhibit immense potential as effective drug delivery systems. This review discusses recent advancements in nanotechnology for drug delivery. To overcome the challenges associated with gene and drug delivery, nanotechnology has gained considerable interest in recent years. Nanosystems with diverse compositions and biological properties have been extensively investigated for drug and gene delivery applications. (45) This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the fabrication, characteristics, and applications of nanoparticles (NPs), which exist in various forms. NPs are minuscule particles ranging in size from 1 to 100 nanometers. They can be classified into several categories based on their properties, sizes, or shapes. Some common types include fullerenes, metal nanoparticles, ceramic nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles. Due to their large surface area and nanoscale dimensions, NPs possess unique physical and chemical properties. According to reports, their size significantly influences their optical properties, resulting in distinct colors due to absorption in the visible spectrum. Their unique size, shape, and structure also impact their strength, reactivity, and other characteristics. These properties make them suitable candidates for a wide range of applications, including imaging, energy-based research, medical applications, environmental applications, and catalysis. Heavy metal nanoparticles, such as those of lead, mercury, and tin, are known for their exceptional strength and rigidity, making them difficult to degrade. This characteristic can lead to various environmental toxicities.