Published Paper Details:

Kidney stones associated with pain and suffering. Kidney stone disease (KSD) (also called nephrolithiasis/or urolithiasis )is a global health issue that progresses affecting people in almost all developed and developing countries. This spread-out disease around the world carries an incidence of 5-15%. Its prevalence is considerably on the higher side with recurrence mostly after treatment. While many methods are available to treat Kidney stone disease, their prevention should be adopted to decrease the suffering and economic burden of Kidney stone disease. The pathogenesis and risk factors leading to stone formation must be known before the control measures for the formation of stones can be instituted. Less urine output and dehydration remain common risks for every type of stone, while hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, and hypocitraturia remain major risks for calcium stones. Thus, in this article will be find up-to-date knowledge-based strategies mainly on prevention and Kidney stone disease. Fluid intake particularly is very important (water-2.5-3.0 L/d). Diuresis has also been encouraged. With dietary restrictions, we can minimize the incidence and recurrence of kidney stones. The present review focuses on the pathophysiology and available treatment options for the kidney stones.