Published Paper Details:

Depression and anxiety are prevalent mental health illnesses that have significant worldwide consequences, impacting millions of individuals who experience chronic feelings of melancholy, excessive worry, and significant limitations in their everyday activities. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and several anxiety disorders, such as Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder, are defined by severe symptoms that make their treatment more difficult, especially when these illnesses happen at the same time. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the neuropharmacological mechanisms that are responsible for these illnesses is of utmost importance in order to facilitate the development of treatments that are very effective. The existing therapy approaches, such as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and newer antidepressants, provide partial relief but do not work for everyone. This suggests that further research is necessary to explore the underlying neurological causes of these illnesses. Recent developments in the field of neuropharmacology have provided insights into the significance of imbalances in neurotransmitters, specifically serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, in the underlying mechanisms of mood disorders. Disruption of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and neuroinflammation are also major factors in the development of these illnesses. This review offers a thorough examination of these pathways, emphasizing the functions of neurotransmitter systems, neurostimulation treatments, and developing pharmaceutical medicines. This study investigates the possibility of new neuropharmacological targets, including NMDA receptor antagonists, AMPA receptor modulators, and neurosteroids, to enhance the effectiveness of treatment. In addition, it discusses non-pharmacological methods such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), physical activity, and mindfulness, highlighting their neuropharmacological foundations and advantages.This review is to provide an in-depth investigation of the current understanding and approaches to addressing depression and anxiety by including latest research findings. The text discusses crucial therapeutic approaches and presents potential areas of future study that could improve treatment results for these prevalent mental health illnesses.