Published Paper Details:

Strong medicinal substances are developed in large part by the use of medicinal plants. Approximately 80% of people in underdeveloped nations still receive their main medical treatment from traditional medicine. Phytochemical screening of neem, licorice, cassia tora and hibiscus extracts reveals different profiles of bioactive compounds. Phenolics are present in neem and hibiscus, but not in licorice and Cassia Tora. Tannins are commonly found while steroids are found only in Neem and Cassia Tora. Alkaloids are found in all but licorice, and glycosides are found in neem and licorice, but not in Cassia Tora and Hibiscus. Flavonoids are the same in all extracts, suggesting a common phytochemical class. The evaluation parameters show that all four substances are solid, odorless and have a similar brown color. Their loss on drying ranges from 0.11 to 0.23% and the pH of their 1% aqueous solutions ranges from 3.2 to 4.3. Licorice has the highest yield (50%) and Cassia Toral the lowest (28%). Total ash content is highest in neem (8.5%) and acid insoluble ash content is highest in licorice (4%). Water-soluble ash varies slightly, with values for water-soluble extracts ranging from 7.8% for licorice to 9.5% for neem. Licorice contains the most alcohol-soluble extracts (3.8%). Solubility tests show that all substances are soluble in distilled water, ethanol, benzene and petroleum ether. In acetone, neem dissolves slightly, while others dissolve completely. Unlike others, licorice dissolves easily in chloroform. Toluene dissolves Neem, Cassia Tora, and Hibiscus but not Licorice, highlighting selective solubility and unique chemical interactions with solvents.