Published Paper Details:

Human is the most intelligent creature in the planet for their brain power and neural network. The human brain is extremely complex with more than 80 billion neurons and trillion of connections [1]. Simulation scales can array from molecular and genetic expressions to compartment models of subcellular volumes and individual neurons to local networks and system models [2]. Deep Neural Network nodes are an over simplification of how brain synapses work. Signal transmission in the brain is dominated by chemical synapses, which release chemical substances and neurotransmitters to convert electrical signals via voltage-gated ion channels at the presynaptic cleft into post-synaptic activity. The type of neurotransmitter characterizes whether a synapse facilitates signal transmission (excitatory role) or prevents it (inhibitory role). Currently, there are tenths of known neurotransmitters, whereas new ones continuously emerge with varying functional roles. Furthermore, dynamic synaptic adaptations, which affect the strength of a synapse, occur in response to the frequency and magnitude of the presynaptic signal and reflect complex learning/memory functions, (Spike time dependent plasticity) [3, 4]. Recently, evidence has found that surrounding cells, such as glia cells that are primarily involved in 'feeding' the neurons, can also affect their function via the release of neurotransmitters. This new vision of "tripartite synapses," composed of perisynaptic glia in addition to pre- and postsynaptic terminals certainly makes this one of the most exciting discoveries in current neurobiology.