Published Paper Details:

Actions causing movement in dwellings occur due to both winds and seismic events. Nevertheless, designing structures takes into account unique considerations related specifically to wind pressures and seismic impacts. Structural design based on intuition relies on forces acting consistently under windy conditions, where internal structures experience tension near their exposed surfaces due to external pressures. However, during seismic construction planning, structures must account for natural ground motion beneath their foundation, leading to inertial effects inside them causing stress variations; this type involves displacements as loads. An alternative method for conveying this contrast involves examining the stress-strain relationship exhibited during construction--whereby forces exerted vertically correspond to the applied wind pressures along an upward direction, while displacements horizontally represent loads caused by seismic tremors acting downwardly. The wind velocity above the structure exhibits both an average nonzero directional influence alongside a distinct fluctuating element. Consequently, during windy conditions, structures could experience slight variations in stress levels due to these movements; yet, such changes occur most readily when winds shift direction abruptly, an event typically occurring after considerable periods have passed. Despite this motion occurring continuously during an earthquake, it oscillates around the neutral function of the building's foundation. Consequently, within buildings subjected to seismic movements due to earthquakes, stress cycles frequently reverse their direction across short time intervals.