Published Paper Details:

The rapid growth of battery-operated and portable electronic systems has created a strong demand for ultra low-power embedded system designs that can operate reliably for extended durations without frequent battery replacement. In this paper, an energy-efficient embedded system based on the STM32 Cortex-M microcontroller is presented, focusing on both hardware- and software-level power optimization techniques. The proposed system exploits the low-power operating modes of the STM32 microcontroller, including Sleep, Stop, and Standby modes, along with dynamic clock scaling and selective peripheral activation to minimize overall power consumption. A structured power measurement methodology is adopted to analyze current consumption under different operating conditions such as active processing, idle state, and low-power modes. The hardware architecture incorporates an efficient voltage regulation unit, optimized clock circuitry, and peripheral interfaces designed to reduce leakage and switching losses. On the software side, interrupt-driven task execution and optimized firmware scheduling are employed to ensure minimal active time of the processor. Experimental results demonstrate a significant reduction in power consumption compared to conventional always-on embedded designs, while maintaining acceptable system performance. The findings indicate that the proposed STM32-based architecture is well suited for low-power applications such as wireless sensor nodes, portable monitoring devices, and Internet of Things (IoT) systems. The presented design methodology serves as a practical reference for developing energy-efficient embedded systems using ARM Cortex-M microcontrollers.