Published Paper Details:

The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and the parallel growth of renewable energy sources have positioned Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology as a critical enabler of sustainable energy transitions. V2G allows bidirectional power flow between EVs and the grid, offering services such as peak load management, frequency and voltage regulation, and improved integration of intermittent renewables. A comprehensive review of recent literature reveals significant opportunities, including reduced system costs, enhanced grid resilience, and new revenue streams for EV owners. However, widespread deployment faces multiple challenges. Technically, battery degradation, interoperability of charging standards, communication protocols, and grid stability under large-scale EV integration remain critical issues. From an institutional and policy perspective, barriers include non-harmonized standards, inadequate business models, regulatory uncertainty, and limited consumer awareness. While pilot projects demonstrate the feasibility of V2G, global implementation requires coordinated advances in battery technologies, charging infrastructure, smart grid systems, and supportive policy frameworks. This study synthesizes insights from state-of-the-art research to highlight both the potential and the bottlenecks of V2G adoption. It further identifies research gaps in socio-technical and institutional domains, underscoring the need for harmonized standards, stakeholder cooperation, and innovative market mechanisms. By bridging technical and policy perspectives, this review contributes to advancing V2G as a cornerstone of future low-carbon power and transport systems.