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Democracy beyond the Ballot Box " A Comparative Study of Sri Lanka (2022), Bangladesh (2024), Nepal (2025) and India (2026) "
Authors
Dr Brahm Dev Pandey
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Keywords
connective action, digital democracy, memes, WhatsApp, Gen Z, South Asia, social movements, direct democracy
Abstract
Between 2022 and 2025, three governments in South Asia fell, not due to elections, coups or traditional opposition parties, but because of leaderless movements organised by youth that used digital platforms to mobilize and call out action. The Aragalaya movement in Sri Lanka (2022), Bangladesh's "Monsoon Uprising" (2024) and Nepal's "Gen Z protests" (2025) had one thing in common: they used encrypted messaging for coordination. The memes and humour were widely used to create a shared identity. These decentralized online groups took on roles such as setting agendas, discussing issues and even selecting leaders which were usually held by formal institutions. This paper gathers around the idea of connective action (Bennett & Segerberg, 2013) and concepts of everyday digital culture (Shifman, 2014). It tries to explain how the events are not just examples of "social media protests" but rather experiments in direct democratic involvement using social media. They represent how networked communities can go beyond voting to assert their sovereignty directly, going beyond ballot box. It shows how closed networks like WhatsApp and open platforms are together forming an alternative political system, simply fuelled by memes. It explores the weaknesses associated with these platforms. Also, assessing the potential risks of control and unclear democratic aspects of governing through these platforms. Additionally, it discusses upon India's satirical "Cockroach Janta Party" (2026)- which emerged due to leaks from competitive exam papers and a moment of disdain among elites within a solid electoral democracy. This case also illustrates how the same connective approach that can spark revolutions during government collapse in countries like Nepal and Bangladesh, can also lead to satire and reform when placed in democracy that is secure.
IJCRT's Publication Details
Unique Identification Number - IJCRT2607043
Paper ID - 311138
Author type - Indian Author
Page Number(s) - a387-a397
Pubished in - Volume 14 | Issue 7 | July 2026
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No Of Downloads - 59
Author Country - India, -, -, -, -, law
Publisher Name - IJPUBLICATION | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882
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Dr Brahm Dev Pandey, "Democracy beyond the Ballot Box " A Comparative Study of Sri Lanka (2022), Bangladesh (2024), Nepal (2025) and India (2026) "", International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), ISSN:2320-2882, Volume.14, Issue 7, pp.a387-a397, July 2026, Available at :http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2607043.pdf
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