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The Evolution of India's Party System: From Dominance to Multi-Polarity and Beyond
Authors
Dr. Mangesh H. Kadam
Downlaod Center
Keywords
Party, coalition, emergency, multipolar, electoral supremacy, ideology, communalism, Caste, charismatic
Abstract
India's political party system is a complex and dynamic entity, reflecting the nation's immense linguistic, cultural, social, and religious diversity. Operating within a robust federal democratic framework, it has undergone profound transformations since its inception in the colonial era. The system's trajectory is marked by distinct phases, beginning with a prolonged period of single-party dominance, transitioning through an era of fragmented multi-party competition and coalition governments, and more recently, witnessing the ascendancy of a new dominant political force. Understanding this evolution requires a deep dive into historical developments, key political actors, ideological shifts, and the profound impact of significant events on party structures and inter-party relations.
The historical trajectory of India's party system originates in the late 19th century with the formation of the Indian National Congress (INC) as the principal vehicle for the independence movement. Following India's independence in 1947, the INC established a unique form of democratic hegemony, often referred to as the "Congress System." This period of singular control gradually eroded, paving the way for an era characterized by the rise of regional parties and the necessity of coalition governments at the national level. In contemporary times, the system has experienced another significant shift with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) establishing a new form of national dominance.
A notable characteristic of India's party system is its cyclical nature of dominance. The initial period of overwhelming control by the Indian National Congress after independence eventually gave way to a phase of multi-party competition and coalition governments. This fragmentation, in turn, has been succeeded by the Bharatiya Janata Party's establishment of a new form of dominance in the 21st century. This pattern suggests that the Indian party system does not follow a simple, linear progression from one-party dominance to a multi-party or two-party system. Instead, it exhibits a recurring pattern where periods of strong single-party control alternate with phases of more fragmented and intensely competitive politics. This inherent dynamism means that no single party's preeminence is permanent, and the system retains a remarkable capacity for significant shifts and adaptations in response to evolving internal and external pressures. Such adaptability challenges any static conceptualization of the party system, underscoring its fluid and responsive qualities within the democratic framework. This articles discussed the evolution of party system in India since Colonial period till the current phase of one Party dominance of BJP led NDA Government which is also marked as "MODI" era.
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Unique Identification Number - IJCRT25A3465
Paper ID - 291459
Author type - Indian Author
Page Number(s) - m711-m724
Pubished in - Volume 13 | Issue 3 | March 2025
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) -
No Of Downloads - 94
Author Country - India, 400049, Mumbai, Mumbai, 400049, Social Science All
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Dr. Mangesh H. Kadam, "The Evolution of India's Party System: From Dominance to Multi-Polarity and Beyond", International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), ISSN:2320-2882, Volume.13, Issue 3, pp.m711-m724, March 2025, Available at :http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT25A3465.pdf
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