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  Authors

SURESH SHARMA,Dr. S.K. Kulshrestha

  Keywords

Sector-wise Innovation Trends in Indian States, Institutional Factors Influencing Innovation, Theoretical Framework, Integration of the Triple Helix Model, Methodology, Institutional Perspective, Policy Implications and Recommendations.

  Abstract


This study presents a detailed mapping of the innovation ecosystem across Indian states, employing the Global Innovation Index (GII) framework with an emphasis on sectoral performance and institutional structures. Using secondary data spanning 2015 to 2024, this paper analyzes regional disparities in innovation capability and output through a multidimensional lens. It draws data from GII Reports (WIPO, INSEAD, Cornell), NITI Aayog's India Innovation Index, State Economic Surveys, DPIIT Startup Rankings, and national R&D statistics.The GII framework classifies innovation into two broad categories: Innovation Inputs (Institutions, Human Capital & Research, Infrastructure, Market & Business Sophistication) and Innovation Outputs (Knowledge & Technology Outputs, Creative Outputs). Applying this to Indian states, the study reveals stark variations in innovation performance. For example, as per the India Innovation Index 2021, Karnataka ranked 1st, driven by high R&D investment (INR10,484 crore in 2020-21), a vibrant startup ecosystem (over 13,000 startups registered by 2023), and institutions like IISc, ISRO, and multiple incubators. Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu followed due to their strength in manufacturing innovation, academic-industry linkages, and strong IP filing performance. Maharashtra alone accounted for 11.4% of India's patent filings in 2022. In contrast, states like Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh ranked among the lowest due to low GERD (Gross Expenditure on R&D), poor infrastructure, and weak institutional support. For instance, Bihar's GERD as a share of GSDP was below 0.03% in 2022 compared to Karnataka's 0.93%. Moreover, while Kerala ranks high in human capital (literacy rate over 96%, high HEI density), it lags in startup facilitation and tech transfer mechanisms, indicating institutional gaps despite sectoral readiness. The study categorizes innovation into four sectors--IT & Services, Manufacturing, Agriculture, and Green Technologies. Sectoral analysis shows that: Karnataka and Telangana dominate in IT innovation, supported by skilled talent and policy support. Tamil Nadu leads in manufacturing R&D and product innovation. Punjab and Haryana show strong growth in agricultural innovation, including precision farming and biotech. Gujarat and Rajasthan are emerging in renewable energy and green technologies, backed by solar and wind infrastructure and policy subsidies. Institutionally, states with active innovation councils, PPP-led incubators, and university-linked R&D centers outperformed those lacking coordination. For instance, Gujarat's iCreate and Tamil Nadu's Innovation Grand Challenge are institutional models worth replicating.

  IJCRT's Publication Details

  Unique Identification Number - IJCRT2507756

  Paper ID - 291765

  Author type - Indian Author

  Page Number(s) - g561-g578

  Pubished in - Volume 13 | Issue 7 | July 2025

  DOI (Digital Object Identifier) -   

  No Of Downloads - 54

  Author Country - India, 342015, jodhpur city, jodhpur city, 342015, Commerce All

  Publisher Name - IJPUBLICATION | www.ijcrt.org | ISSN : 2320-2882

  E-ISSN Number - 2320-2882

  Published Paper PDF : - http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2507756

  Published Paper URL: : - http://ijcrt.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCRT2507756

  Published Paper PDF Downlaod: - download.php?file=IJCRT2507756

  Cite this article

SURESH SHARMA,Dr. S.K. Kulshrestha,   "Mapping the Innovation Ecosystem in Indian States: A Sectoral and Institutional Perspective Based on GII Framework", International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), ISSN:2320-2882, Volume.13, Issue 7, pp.g561-g578, July 2025, Available at :http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2507756.pdf

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