Volume 8 | Issue 8

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IoT; Irrigation; Sensors;

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Abstract Aim: The objective of the present study was to analyze the prevalence of various factors in knee pain patients and to identify the association of knee pain with balance and joint proprioception in knee pain patients. Method: This was a descriptive co-relational study design that was carried out from September 2018 to April 2019 with a convenient sample size of 75 patients having knee pain, aged between 30 and 65 years (both males and females). The patients were assessed for knee pain and disability by WOMAC questionnaire. For balance and joint Proprioception subjects were tested on the Y-Balance test and CPM (Continuous Passive Motion) machine. Result: The present study revealed that the prevalence of knee pain was higher in women who were housewife�s (47.4%). A significant inverse relationship was found between Balance and NPRS, Balance and WOMAC. A significant relationship was found between joint proprioception deviation and NPRS, joint proprioception deviation and WOMAC. Conclusion: In the present study gender, older age, and greater BMI were associated with knee pain and disability. Knowing specific risk factors of individuals with knee pain and possible association with each factor is important as it may help to develop specific treatment or management strategies.

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Keywords: Knee pain; Balance; Proprioception

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Abstract - Bio-diesel has become one of the most versatile alternative fuel options for diesel engine applications. The recent bio-diesel researches in India receives its attention towards Jatropha curcas oil based bio-diesel. In India plants bearing seeds which are rich in oil has been found mainly Jatropha curas (Ratan jot) and Pongmia Pinnata (Karanja) which are grown in our suitable climatic conditions (Patil and Singh, 1991). The use of bio-diesel is economically feasible and a strategic option, to meet the increasing demand of energy requirement of the nation. Out of various non-edible oil resources, Jatropha curcas oil is considered as an alternate fuel for compression ignation engines. The present study describes the process used for blending of Jatropha oil with diesel. For finding mechanical parameters. A vertical water cooled diesel engine used under study for various measurements. Jatropha oil blended in the proportion of 20,40 and 60 percent (by volume) respectively in the diesel. The specific fuel consumptions at various loads has calculated under study. Respective performance analysis has evaluated. In has found that the minimum fuel consumption was found with B60 blend as 0.1966 Kg/KWh and maximum B.T.E of 43.67% obtained at 70% load conditions, shown as 32% increase as compare to diesel with full load operations. At the same time there were decrease of 3.3% and 1.6% in volumetric efficiency and mechanical efficiency respectively at full load operations with B60 blend of diesel oil.

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B.T.E- Break thermal efficiency Bio-diesel, B.S.F.C � Break specific fuel consumption, C.I engine � Compression ignition engine.

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In this research paper RCF software is used and summary of reinforcement in kilogram, foundation quantities and cost, project cost and quantities of residential buildings are discussed in detail. Before calculating the quantity and costing, the slabs, beams, columns, footings are designed and all the loads are assigned and analyzed. Data describing technical and managerial parameters are also highlighted in this research paper. Methodology to create slab reinforcement and bar bending schedule is also described in detail which justifies the applicability of RCF software in design and consultancy firms.

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Rcf, Floor, Beams, Columns, Foundation, Estimation

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Box culverts are very important part of a transportation network as they provide a cost-effective alternate to substantial bridges. A culvert is a structure that allows water to flow under a road ways, railways, or similar obstruction from one side to the other side. A culvert may be made from a pipe, reinforced concrete or other material. Culverts are commonly used both as cross drains for channel release and to pass water under a road at natural drainage and river crossings. A culvert may be a bridge like structure designed to allow vehicle or pedestrian traffic to cross over the watercourse while permitting suitable opening for the water. Culverts can be of different shapes such as arch, slab and box. These can be constructed with different material such as masonry (brick, stone etc.) or reinforced cement concrete. Since culvert pass through the earthen embankment, these are subjected to same traffic loads as the road carries and therefore, required to be designed for such loads. This Paper deals with box culverts made of RCC, without cushion. The size, invert level, layout etc. are decided by hydraulic considerations and site conditions. The scope of this Paper has been further restricted to the structural design of box. The structural design involves consideration of load cases (box empty, full, surcharge loads etc.) and factors like live load, effective width, braking force, dispersal of load through fill, impact factor, co-efficient of earth pressure etc. Relevant IRC Codes are required to be referred. The structural elements are required to be designed to withstand maximum bending moment and shear force. The Paper provides full discussions on the provisions in the Codes, considerations and justification of all the above aspects on design. Box Culverts are required to be provided under earth embankment for crossing of water course like streams, Nallas across the embankment as road embankment cannot be allowed to obstruct the natural water way. The culverts are also required to balance the flood water on both sides of earth embankment to reduce flood level on one side of road thereby decreasing the water head consequently reducing the flood menace. Culverts can be of different shapes such as arch, slab and box. These can be constructed with different material such as masonry (brick, stone etc) or reinforced cement concrete. Since culvert pass through the earthen embankment, these are subjected to same traffic loads as the road carries and therefore, required to be designed for such loads. The size, invert level, layout etc. are decided by hydraulic considerations and site conditions. The cushion depends on road profile at the culvert location. The structural design involves consideration of load cases (box empty, full, surcharge loads etc.) and factors like live load, effective width, braking force, dispersal of load through fill, impact factor, co-efficient of earth pressure etc. Relevant IRC Codes are required to be referred in the analysis and design of box culverts. The aim of this project is to analyse the box culvert using STAAD PRO software. The structural elements of box culvert are designed to withstand maximum bending moment and shear force. The results obtained from STAAD are almost similar to manual calculations.

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Reinforced cement concrete box culvert, structural design, theoretical calculation, staad pro

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Objectives: The objective of the paper is to compare piagets theory of learning with vygotsky�s socio cultural learning theory. Both theories are the most contributors for the emergence of constructivist theory of learning. Methodology: In this comparison, the backgrounds of both theories were analysed. Different ideas and theoretical stance of the two theories were reviewed. Stages of Piagets cognitive theory were identified and unique characteristics of each stages were analyzed. In the same manner vygotsky�s social constructivism on its part were reviewed and its unique view points were seen. Implication: Implication of cognitive constructivism and social constructivism were the other concern of the paper. In this case their similarities and differences were discussed. Conclusion: Lastly, a conclusion was written down. In the conclusion part objectives of the review, similarities and differences of the concerned theories, as well as similarities and differences of the present paper with the previous review of the same issue were summarized.

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piagets cognitive learning theory, vygotskys social constructivism

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Concrete is the mostly used construction material. However, Cement, an essential constituent of concrete, its production leads to release of significant amount of CO2, a greenhouse gas. For the production of one ton of Portland cement approximately one ton of CO2 with other greenhouse gases are created. The global cement industry emits about 7% of greenhouse gas to the atmosphere. As environmental issues are playing an important role towards sustainable development of cement and concrete industry so we need to replace cement by using waste material. One of the waste material is Glass. Tons of waste glass is being produced annually all over the world and this waste is disposed as landfills but as a matter of fact the waste of glass doesn�t decompose in the environment. On one hand Large scale production of cement is causing environmental problems and on other hand depletion of natural resource. In this paper cement is been partially replaced by milled waste glass that is waste glass powder with the increment of 5% from 0% to 30%. Test was taken for Workability, Compressive and Flexural strength for 7 and 28 days and compared with the result of conventional concrete. So by getting good test results it shows that cement could be partially replaced by milled waste glass.

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Milled waste glass, Concrete, Partial replacement of cement.

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??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ,?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? | ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? | ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? | ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ???? ?? | ????? ?? ???? 48 ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? | ???? ???????? ???? 2 ???? ?? | ????? ?? 11 ??? ??? ?? ,???? ?? ???? ???????? 5 ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? | ???? ?? ???? ???????? ,?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? | ???? �???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? | ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? | ??????? ?????? ????? ,???????? ,?????? ,????????????? ,???????? ,?????? ,???? ,???????? ,??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? | ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ,?????????? ??????? ,?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? | ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? | ????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? | ??????? ?????? ???? 9 ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? | ?? 2003 ?? ????? ???? ?? | ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? | ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? | ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? | ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? �???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ???-??? ????????? ??| ?????????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? | ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? | ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? | 18 ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?.??????? ??? ??? |?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? | ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? | ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ,??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? | ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??, ???? ?????? ,???? ???????,????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? |

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This paper analyses the concept of the Anthropocene in young-adult fiction. Specifically, it looks at the effects of the Anthropocene that are present within the novel and the way in which the environmental crisis in the book �guides� the narrative as well as the message presented. The young adult novel selected for analysis is Ready Player One by Ernest Cline. The intent is to find out what perspectives on environmental crisis and other representations on the environment are present and what young readers could take from these representations.

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Anthropocene, Young-Adult Fiction, Environmental Crisis, Post-Apocalyptic Literature.

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It is a recent trend of the human being to be self-centred, though the whole world seems to be reached its optimum level of development through the huge technological progress. Earlier, people used to think for others and each member of a society used to get the opportunity to project their best ability for the society. Naturally, the pertinent issue is: whether self-centeredness makes and/or keeps a man really happy or not. In fact, human being has endless desire that is why he has failed to demark that particular way through which he can achieve happiness in its true sense. In the West, it is observed that every material comforts are available, but still they have been searching for peace. Swami Vivekananda being a great revolutionary thinker anticipated it, and understood that one of the most fundamental ways for achieving happiness in true sense lies in the value system of a nation. That is why, in 19th century, when he paid a visit to the European countries, he prescribed that India should give their Philosophy, Psychology and Spirituality to the West, so that the world could be lifted in a better position. It is the time, when the revelation of Swami Vivekananda should be revisited. By virtue of his thought and philosophy, we would be able to find out the pathway to get the peace. This article is a quest to find out the right path to get peace or to achieve happiness in its true sense following the way as stated by Swami Vivekananda with a special reference to the Mahabharata, Ramakrishna and Bh?gvadgit?.

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Swami Vivekananda, value, human being, service, love, dharma

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Make in India is one of the major initiatives taken up by the Indian government; this plan was set up in the year 2014 for the growth of the country, and with the objective of make India a world manufacturing hub. This initiative was made to increase the foreign direct investment in the Country and to increase the exports from India to other countries. In this paper it is seen the Make in India ease of doing business, the five countries which are directly investing in the Indian economy, the various sectors of Improvement i.e. Automobile Industry, Electronics and Manufacturing Industry, Highways and The transportation network system. The various confront which are been faced by MSMEs Industry, make in India impact on various Industries. This paper is primarily based on a secondary source of data collection, including the confronts which are been faced by the initiative of Make in India.

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Make in India, Foreign Direct Investment [FDI], Export-Import policies [EXIM] and Micro Small Medium Enterprise [MSME] Industry.

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With rapid industrialization all over the world, pollution is on the increase and India is no exception. One of the modes through which pollutants enter the biosphere is that of industrial effluents. A variety of synthetic dyestuffs released by the textile industry pose a threat to environmental safety. Novel dye-degrading bacterial strains were isolated from textile effluent and soil samples collected from Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu. Taxonomic identification including morphological and cultural characterization indicated that isolates was capable of decolorizing direct dyes efficiently. Four bacterial strains screened out of total 11 isolates and they were able to decolorize direct dye Direct Red 23 cultured in nutrient broth containing 100ppm direct dyes. The decolourization percentage was found to be ranging from 67% - 85% among the four isolates . The isolates were used to prepare a consortium and develop an efficient microorganism (EM) solution. Then this EM solution is used for the decolourization of textile effluents and the percentage color removal was 70%. Hence EM methodology can be effectively used for decolourising textile effluents.

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Synthetic dyes; Direct Red 23; Dye decolourising bacterial strains; Decolourisation; EM technology

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This includes the study of impact resistance of fiber resistance of reinforced concrete using IS drop weight test method on FRC and HFRC slab panels having different types of fiber with their different proportion. A present review paper discussion of results of IS drop weight test method conducting low velocity and high velocity impact properties and record spilling area also scabbing area. The deformability, toughness and energy absorption of FRC are of great interest characterized these parameter test are carried out on concrete slab panel are most commonly used. Concrete structures are often subjected to short duration (dynamic ) loads. Such loads originate from sources such as impact from missiles and projectiles, wind gusts, earthquakes and machine vibrations, vehicles. Due to a relatively low tensile strength and fractures energy impact resistance of concrete is poor. Hence much research has been directed towards developing concrete that exhibit improved impact resistance than conventional concrete. By using drop weight test method determining the initial and final cracking.

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Corrugated steel fiber, glass fiber, polypropylene fiber, impact machine.

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The authors in this paper investigated the occupational stress and the job satisfaction of the university teachers working in the T.N and A.P. State universities. The sample of 992 university teachers was selected using simple random sampling technique. A five point Rating Scales to assess the occupational stress and job satisfaction of university teachers developed by the investigators were used. The results revealed that majority (74%) of the university teachers are experiencing moderate and high levels of occupational stress and 85 percent of teachers are experiencing only moderate and low level of job satisfaction. Further, correlation studies revealed that occupational stress and job satisfaction of the university teachers are significantly and negatively correlated with each other. Stepwise multiple regression analysis shows that the occupational stress dimensions - organizational structure and climate and, personal and professional efficiency occupational stress has accounted 7.9 and 9.0 percent of variance to the dependent variable job satisfaction. The implications based on the results have been discussed.

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Key words: Occupational Stress, Job Satisfaction, University Teachers

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The present study aimed to review the psychological factors among cardiovascular disease. Psychological factors including perceived stress, maladaptive coping style, Lack of emotional and social support, negative effective regulation, personality/temperamental, negative cognitive style related to etiology, and prognosis of Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD). Cardiovascular diseases affect the cardia, tube of blood or consequences of insufficient blood provide due to an infected vascular system. People who die prematurely due to non-communicable disease die from diabetes, stroke, cancer, heart disease, and asthma that are preventable due to increased levels of exposure to tobacco consumption, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, harmful use of alcohol, stress, lack of emotional and social stress. 87% of deaths, the reason of NCD. Psychological factors play an important role in Cardio Vascular Disease, it seems that further researches are needed in this regard. Psychologists help patients in their recovery of Cardio Vascular Disease by removing these psychological factors from their life through counseling and psychotherapy.

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Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD), Perceived stress, Maladaptive coping style, Negative cognitive style.

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Mass media occupies a significant part of our time and can definitely be considered instrumental in changing the attitudes and habits of the masses. There has been a rapid shift in the number of viewers from traditional to digital platforms yet. This paper highlights the hours spent on watching web series and television shows by the viewers, the reasons what got them watching in the first place. To assess the kind and the degree of impact it has on their minds Likert scale was used. The sample size was restricted to the age group of 20 to 60 years. It can be concluded by saying that the kind of situation or environment around the viewers significantly impacts his viewership, the content preferred and the kind of shows which the person chooses to see also leaves behind a significant impact on their minds and also impacts their line of actions.

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violence, addiction, information, peer pressure, partner

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Agriculture is the primary business activity of the Indian Economy. It has not only contributed to the GDP but also helps in generating employment and export. The present rapidly developing situation with COVID-19 has posedvarious challenges in agriculture sector. It has not only disrupted many activities in agriculture and supply chains but also the problems of non-availability of labor, transportation facility and market because of lockdown that resulted in non-fear of spread of Virus.It was observed that the agriculture sector all over the world have also affected, particularly the livestock farming and shortage of inputs because of global trade disturbances. During this crisis, the priority of government is to protect the lives of people, who are suffering from the disease as well as those who are not suffering. This paper analyses the impact of COVID-19 on Indian Agriculture sector and discusses the various measures taken for the survival of Agriculture in the Country.

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Agriculture, Indian Economy, COVID-19, Lockdown, Challenges and measures

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The main motive of the experiment was to investigate the efficiency of antioxidants in DNA damage repair when subjected to UV radiation. Main approach of the experiment was to investigate the concentration of the antioxidants that efficiently help in DNA damage repair. Method: Wild type E. coli as the experimenting organism and Vitamin-C as an antioxidant were taken. Both the E. coli was serially diluted by a factor of (10-1-10-5) dilution and Vit-C was taken in the concentration of (0�g/ml,45�g/ml,50�g/ml). Then the E. coli cultures grown with different concentrations of Vit-C were spotted on to LB media by Drop Plate Technique. The culture plates were subjected to the UV sensitivity assay by exposing to UV radiation at 254nm. Result: After the UV sensitivity assay, the culture plates were kept for overnight incubation. Incubated plates with 50�g/ml Vit-C and UV exposure, showed the maximum growth till 10-5 dilution factor, when compared with the control plate with UV exposure. The plates with 45�g/ml Vit-C with UV exposure, showed the growth till 10-4 dilution when compared with the control plate with UV exposure. The further analysis of the change in protein expression in analysed by SDS-PAGE. Conclusion: from the experiment we can conclude that Vit-C had efficiently reduced the cytotoxic effect of UV exposure by repairing the damaged DNA. It has left some scope of investigating the anti-cancer and anti-aging effects of Vit-C in the human system.

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Escherichia coli, DNA damage, antioxidant, Vitamin C, UV sensitivity assay, drop plate technique.

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Women constitute almost half of the population in India at present. The long standing demand of women to be treated equally in socio-economic and political sphere seems to be fulfilled by passage of legislation by the government of Karnataka as fifty per cent seats are to be reserved for women in the Panchayat institutions. In the male dominated society like India, entry into political process was not so much easy. The contribution of women during national struggle for independence was recognised and this made the members of constitutional assembly to offer them with equal political rights in our constitution. But after Independence things started changing as women were not adequately involved in the political development of the nation. The experiment of thirty three per cent reservations for women at the local government has proved successful in accommodating large number of women in exercising political power. In this perspective, the contribution of women�s organisation could be considered, as these were constantly striving for better standard of life for women in India. Women organisations are playing significant role in empowering women and preparing them for formal and informal political participation. Reservation at the grassroots level has proved as the boon for women to enter into politics and prove their calibre, as today we have professionally qualified girls. In this regard, this paper � based on both primary and secondary data � tries to focus on the role of the women organisations in arousing political consciousness among women in India and their contribution in building India into a truly democratic state.

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Empowerment, organisation, Panchayat, reservation, women

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Since ancient times, India has been a place full of customs and traditions. People love to celebrate even the tiniest occasions and spread the happiness among the community. It takes a lot of effort to organize and manage these events. As the world is evolving, people find it difficult to organize event through their busy times. Also, due the variety of tastes and changing cultures, people tend to have different types of parties for different occasions. An event management company takes care of these problems and help people to organize and manage the events as per their requirements. In this paper, we are going to learn different types of events and methods of managing them. We are also going to understand how COVID-19 has changed the event management industry during the lockdown period.

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Event Management Company, planning and execution, method of managing, occasion, events.

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