Volume 13 | Issue 9

 Abstract

Empowering end-users in cybersecurity demands a shift from technology-centric paradigms toward user-centered designs, focusing on individual needs, behaviors, and preferences. This study synthesizes findings from recent research on usability, human factors, design principles, and participatory frameworks to propose actionable recommendations for developing effective cybersecurity solutions tailored to users. Emphasizing usability, human-centric frameworks, and adoption cycles, the paper highlights challenges and opportunities in bridging the gap between technical security and user empowerment.

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 Keywords

User-centric cybersecurity, usability, human factors, technology adoption, participatory design, UX security, human-centered security, risk assessment, behavioral cybersecurity, adoption cycle, interface design, usability heuristics, resilience, empowerment, digital safety.

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This paper examines the 1943 Bengal famine through the lens of Zainul Abedin's work, famine sketches, explaining them as a vital archival document to the integrated ecological and literal forces that caused one of the twentieth century's most ruinous man-made disasters. Drawing on over three million deaths amid social Bengal's rice-dependent agricultural economy, Abedin's sketch definitions, executed in situ during the extremity, transcend bare attestation to embody a visceral notice of dictatorial neglect and environmental rupture. A 1942 cyclone destroyed paddy fields, aggravating fungal scars and yield failures, while World War II's extremities compounded the catastrophe. Japanese occupation disassociated Burmese rice significances, British 'Denial Programs' disassembled original aqueducts to baffle irruption, and wartime affectation fueled hoarding and annuity collapse, as theorized by Amartya Sen (Sen, Amartya, 1981). Employing an interdisciplinary lens from environmental humanities and visual studies, this analysis positions Abedin's art as a counter-archive to harsh dominant historiographies that honor textual records and marginalize indigenous sensitive epistemologies. His compositions rendering deathly numbers clawing at cracked earth or huddled against cyclone-destroyed midair illuminate the famine of 'Slow Violence' (Nixon, 2011), where ecological impact points rained mortal catastrophe long before the severe starvation. The article illustrates how Abedin's testimonio anticipated current discussions about climate-induced famines, highlighting how art is able to capture the invisible cycles of ecological injustice. This study contends that Abedin's work establishes an eco-artistic methodology in which visual witness challenges authoritative silences and predicts contemporary debates concerning the environmental humanities and postcolonial ecocriticism. By reclaiming these sketches as alternative narratives, the piece emphasizes art's ongoing role in recording socio-ecological memory, encouraging a rethinking of hunger as a predictor of global climate injustices.

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Famine Sketches, Ecological Collapse, Environmental Humanities, Postcolonial Ecocriticism, Slow Violence.

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Social media has emerged as a crucial element of contemporary life for individuals in today's society, influencing various aspects of daily interactions and experiences. Its impact is complex and multifaceted. On one hand, the myriad advantages offered by social media platforms are compelling users to engage more frequently. These benefits include the ability to communicate with others online, participate in audio and video calls, share reviews and opinions, post images, access real-time news updates, and utilize advertising opportunities. Each of these features enhances connectivity and information sharing, making social media an attractive tool for personal and professional use. On the other hand, the excessive use of social media can lead to significant negative consequences for mental health. Many users are experiencing increased levels of anxiety, depression, and feelings of loneliness as a result of their online interactions. Additionally, the constant comparison with others on these platforms can contribute to a decline in self-esteem. Thus, while social media offers valuable benefits, it is essential to recognize and address the potential risks associated with its overuse. The rise of social media has profoundly transformed the landscape of personal communication, presenting both benefits and challenges that impact mental health and overall well-being. By assessing both the positive and negative dimensions of social media, this study aims to provide a comprehensive perspective that encourages users to cultivate healthy online habits and supports mental well-being in the digital age.

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Social Media; Mental Health; Well-being; Social Comparison; Indian youth.

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Microfinance enhances gender equality and reduction of poverty but little has been studied on its effects in low-literacy, rural Muzaffarpur, Bihar. This paper investigates its contribution to economic, social and psychological empowerment of women in a flood prone area with the questions: (1) What is the impact of microfinance on economic independence? (2) What are its implications on decision making? (3) What are the non-financial benefits that arise? About 150 participants, 50 non-participants of SHG, were surveyed using mixed-methods, and 20 interviews conducted through Jeevika. Data was analyzed using Python and NVivo. The participants experienced a 81% increase in income ( vs. 10% p < 0.001), increased income control (3.8 vs. 1.9, p < 0.001) and decision-making (3.6 vs. 2.1, p < 0.001). Socially, 68 percent became mobile but 12 percent experienced debt pressures, which substantiate the framework developed by Kabeer and calls on specific policies with MFI.

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Microfinance,women empowerment,self help group, muzaffarpur, economic independence,bihar

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Health education, school health promotion, nutrition knowledge, physical health awareness, rural children, quasi-experimental design, child health literacy

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This paper is an attempt to bring out the contesting voices in the play King Baabu where every dialogues are interspersed with a tinge of violence--more obviously in the dialogues of the two major characters--Basha Bash and his wife Maariya. Soyinka exceptionally mobilizes satire, parody, and Shakespearean allusion to lampoon authoritarian savagery, while scripting violence that is both impactful and estranging. As the play is in the genre of a burlesque comedy, attempts will be made to delineate the satirical projection of the delicate intermixing of the grand ideas of democracy, monarchy and military dictatorship that Soyinka achieves in chronicling the debauched rule of General Basha Bash. The semiotic rendering of the performance will be slightly touched in order to accentuate the gravity of violence.

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violence, dictatorship, contesting voices, semiotic rendering

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Abstract Background: Chittodvega, described in Ayurveda as a state of mental stress and anxiety, correlates with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in modern medicine. Conventional pharmacological interventions often show limited long-term effectiveness, creating a need for holistic approaches. Achara Rasayana, an Ayurvedic code of righteous conduct and lifestyle discipline, emphasizes ethical living, mindfulness, and social harmony, which collectively promote psychological well-being. Objective: To review the role of Achara Rasayana in the prevention and management of Chittodvega. Methods: A comprehensive review was conducted using classical Ayurvedic texts and relevant contemporary literature from academic journals and databases. The analysis focused on the conceptual understanding, benefits, and therapeutic applications of Achara Rasayana in mental health. Discussion: Chittodvega manifests through symptoms such as anxiety, palpitations, irritability, sleep disturbances, and impaired concentration. Ayurveda attributes this condition to vitiation of Rajas and Tamas along with vata and pitta imbalance. Achara Rasayana promotes emotional stability and resilience through practices including meditation (Dhyana), Mantra recitation (Japa), and observance of Sadvritta (ethical conduct). These measures enhance cognitive function, regulate neurotransmitter activity, restore Manodosha balance, and strengthen adaptive responses. Conclusion: Achara Rasayana provides a comprehensive Ayurvedic framework for managing Chittodvega, integrating preventive and therapeutic strategies. By fostering mind-body harmony through ethical lifestyle practices, it offers a sustainable approach to mental health promotion and anxiety management.

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Keywords: Chittodvega, Achara Rasayana, Ayurveda, Anxiety, Mental Health

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This research paper focuses on balancing majority power a core principle of democracy in co-operatives with natural justice, which ensures fairness and protection of minority rights. Co-operative housing societies in India are designed to function on the principles of democracy, mutual benefit, and collective decision-making. However, the exercise of majority power often abused, the principles of natural justice are ignored, leading to suppression of minority voices, abuse of authority, and regulatory inefficiency. The argument is unchecked majority rule, weak statutory enforcement and administrative inefficiency, has created a governance crisis in co-operative societies. This paper critically examines three core areas of concern Redevelopment of Co-operative housing societies, Elections and Tenure of Managing Committees, and the Registrar's role in dispute resolution and accountability. Backlog of cases due to insufficient judges and infrastructure and widespread corruption, less use of digitalisation that hinder the efficiency of the judicial system. These issues erode public trust and prevent the timely delivery of justice, which is essential for a functioning society It highlights key loopholes in the current framework, identifies challenges in implementation, and suggests reforms to strike a balance between majority rule and natural justice. The study concludes that only through legal reforms, transparent procedures, and digital governance mechanisms can co-operative societies achieve fairness, accountability, and trust among members.

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Co-operative societies, majority rule, natural justice, minority rights, governance crisis, redevelopment, housing societies, elections, managing committee, Registrar of Co-operative Societies, dispute resolution, corruption, transparency, accountability, democratic governance, legal reforms, digital governance, Maharashtra Co-operative Societies Act, Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act.

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Cynodon dactylon (L), an annual herb belonging to the Poaceae family, is widely distributed throughout India. There are distinct names for many Indian languages. Dhro means it in Gujarati, Arukampillu means it in Tamil, Durva means it in Marathi, Durba means it in Bengali, Garicaggaddi means it in Telugu, and Sataparva means it in Sanskrit. A phytochemical study of Cynodon dactylon revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, resins, phytosterols, lowering the number of proteins, Sugars, Carbohydrates, volatile oils, and fixed oils. These constituents contribute to its significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound healing properties. Topical formulation derived from Cynodon dactylon extract hove shown the ability to accelerate wound contraction, enhance epithelization, and protect against oxidative stress, thereby supporting tissue regeneration and repair. Similarly, Aegle marmelos is one of the most importance plants in the medicinal filed, with different medicinal properties, belonging to the family Rutaceae. Is enriched with alkaloids (such as aegelin), tannins, phenolics, coumarins and essential oils, which play a key role in its pharmacology effects. When applied topically, extract of Aegle marmelos demonstrate strong antimicrobial, analgesic, and anti- inflammatory activity alongside potent antioxidant properties. These action not only protect skin tissues from microbial invasion and inflammation but also enhance healing in ulcer, cuts, and minor burns. Furthermore, the Synergistic use of both Cynodon dactylon and Aegle marmelos highlight their potential as safe and natural alternative in topical formulation. This review comprehensively explores the pharmacological action of Cynodon dactylon.

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Cynodon dactylon, Aegle marmelos, topical pharmacological action, wound healing, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti- inflammatory.

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The aviation industries are very fragile and highly sensitive in respect of their employees as they a diverse group of people working with demanding competencies. At the same time, cooperation of these employees and work output are directly accountable for the successful function of the industries. It was noticed through reviews that the perception of these personnel towards HR policies and strategies and workplace matters significantly. The present study was undertaken on two airlines i.e. Indigo and Air India. Data was collocated using standard tools on a sample of 769 employees of these aviation companies and analysed using means, t-test, SD and ANOVA. The result established that perception of employees of aviation industries with regard to Human Resource Strategies and workplace attitude matters significantly. The study concludes with key implications towards management and policy making bodies.

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Key Words: HR Strategies, Workplace attitude, Aviation, Perception.

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Purpose: This paper aims to understand the relationship between Gen Z and their family businesses in India. The study focuses on three key areas: their intent to join the family business, their interest in working there, and their preferences for inheritance. The study is looking to fill a gap in the research, as there's not much specific information on what drives Indian Gen Z heirs and how they see the difference between leading a business versus simply owning a part of it. Design/methodology/approach: The study is a mixed-methods study that will use both qualitative and quantitative research methods to get a full picture of Gen Z succession in Indian family businesses. The research will be conducted by interviewing people, the interviews are designed to explore the motive of the GENZ. Findings: The study has identified four main perspectives among Gen Z regarding the family business. Some are genuinely eager to lead and grow the company, while others are reluctant successors who want to pursue their own careers. A third group consists of cautious contributors who are willing to join but feel they can't make a significant impact. Lastly, there are the obligated heirs, who join out of a sense of duty despite wanting a different career path. Originality: The study examines the preferences of the Gen Z heirs within Indian family businesses. It gives a point of view for the intent, interest and Inheritance Preferences of the Gen Z heirs of Indian family businesses. Research limitations/implications of research: The study is limited by a small, self-reported sample from heirs alone, which may oversimplify motivations and lacks perspectives from other stakeholders, making findings context-specific to India and not broadly generalizable. Practical Implications: The study shows that while many Gen Z heirs prioritize personal careers, those who do engage bring fresh ideas, pushing family firms to rethink succession, adopt flexible roles, and benefit from stronger, more innovative leadership.

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 Keywords

Gen Z, Family Businesses, Succession Planning, Heirs.

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 Abstract

The stability constants of the complexes of p-Bromobenzoylthioacetophenone with some divalent transition metals namely Nickel, Copper, Zinc and Cadmium have been determined at three different temperatures potentiometrically. The ligand belongs to Monothio-?-diketone class of compounds. The Stepwise and Overall Stability Constants of the complexes synthesized have been determined. From a knowledge of overall stability constants, Standard change in Free energy accompanying the said complexation at all the three temperatures have been determined using the appropriate thermodynamic equation. The changes in Free energy contributing towards complex formation as also the stability of the complexes formed have been properly studied.

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p-Bromobenzoylthioacetophenone, Potentiometric Titration, Overall Stability constant, Standard change in Free energy.

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Abstract The research examines the effect of social media on Indian youth's daily life with a special focus on usage habits, likes and participation behavior. The data were gathered from respondents mainly in their 15-25 age bracket with a few younger and older respondents. Questions related to demographics, level of usage, site favorites, privacy perspectives and style of interaction were asked. Findings showed that Instagram, WhatsApp, and YouTube were the most used daily apps. However, preferred feature combinations revealed 29 patterns of behavior reflecting the heterogeneity of user intentions. Respondents indicated that the primary reasons for social media use were entertainment, networking, and education. However, they also acknowledged some frustrations such as overselling, algorithmic biasness, and platform congestion. Young people made suggestions for new features that would improve customizability, increase privacy control, and reduce distraction. Notably, content format preferences became evident as the highest interaction was recorded on short videos, reels, and other interactive elements rather than traditional text-based updates. These findings are pivotal for platform design, digital well-being, and influencer marketing strategies.

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Generation Z or GenZ, Social Media, Instagram, Whatsapp, Youtube, Snapchat, Social media usage, Influencers, content.

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The rapid adoption of mobile-based financial services in India has created new opportunities for cybercriminals. Maharashtra, being one of the most digitally active states, has seen a surge in mobile app-related frauds where citizens are deceived into installing fake service applications or responding to fraudulent communications. This paper documents real cases from Maharashtra where victims lost significant funds due to fraudulent mobile apps impersonating banks and financial services. The study analyzes four detailed cases; ranging from fake bank KYC apps to trading scams; and categorizes their patterns of deception. Findings reveal that fraudsters exploit trust in banking institutions, use psychological manipulation such as urgency and fear, and leverage SMS, calls, and fake apps to execute scams. This research provides a systematic analysis of fraud patterns and concludes with strong recommendations for awareness, regulation, and institutional safeguards to mitigate such threats.

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Mobile app fraud, Fake banking apps, Maharashtra cybercrime, UPI fraud, Financial scams

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The main cause of peptic ulcer disease, which remains a major global health burden, is an imbalance between aggressive agents like stomach acid and pepsin and mucosal defensive proteins. Although conventional drug therapies are effective, their long-term use is often associated with adverse effects and high recurrence rates. This has encouraged growing interest in herbal medicine, which are traditionally recognize for their therapeutic potential and safety. The present study Focuses on the development and evaluation of polyherbal formulation comprising. Amla (Phyllanthus emblica), curry leaves (Murraya koenigi), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), and jaggery (Saccharum officinarum). These ingredients are well documented for their nutritional value and pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcerogenic, carminative, and digestive-supporting effects. The formulation was prepared using a standardized procedure and subjected to preformulation studies such as particle size analysis to evaluate flow characteristics, use bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr's index, and Hausner's ratio and blend uniformity. Additional evaluation parameters were carried out to guarantee the quality and functionality of the capsule dosage form, including weight variation, disintegration time, pH, and stability testing to prove therapeutic efficacy and enable widespread applicability, more pharmacological and clinical research is advise diseases.

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Polyherbal formulation Digestive health Peptic ulcer Herbal medicine Gastrointestinal disorders Curry leaves (Murraya koenigii) Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) Jaggery (Saccharum officinarum) Anti-ulcerogenic activity Carminative effect Capsule dosage form Pharmacognosy Stability study

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Student performance prediction is a crucial research domain which analyses the student data aiming to anticipate academic outcomes, analyze student academic performance and to identify student at risk. In this research paper one of the efficient approaches called SHAP (SHapley Additive explanations) which is mathematically grounded with game theory is used to make feature selection and final predictions. SHAP provides both global explanations (which feature is important overall) and local explanations (why a prediction was made for a particular student). In this study, we employ different machine learning algorithm Decision Tree, Random Forest, Lasso Regression, and XGBoost with SHAP based analysis for feature selection. The work is carried out with k-fold validation technique, feature overlaps and residual plots. Paired t-test is also used to verify results statistically. Results showed that SHAP integrated with Random Forest importance based selection identified a more stable and interpretable feature subset, outperforming other combinations. The study concludes that integrating SHAP with traditional feature selection improves both predictive reliability and explainability.

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Student performance, Explainable AI, SHAP, Random Forest, Educational Data Mining.

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Abstract Rape is one of the most heinous crimes, attacking the dignity, autonomy, and humanity of women. Unlike murder, which extinguishes life, rape scars the victim's body and mind for life. The enactment of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) has brought significant changes to India's rape laws, codifying provisions under Sections 63 to 73. This paper examines the statutory framework of rape under BNS, analyzing definitions, punishments, special categories such as gang rape and offences against minors, and rules for protecting victim identity. It further contextualizes these provisions with case law, from the Mathura Rape Case to the Nirbhaya case, and recent incidents such as the R.G. Kar Medical College rape and murder case (2024). The study concludes by highlighting challenges in implementation and suggesting reforms for ensuring justice and victim rehabilitation.

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Keywords Rape, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Criminal Law Amendment, Victim Identity, Gang Rape, Sexual Violence, Judicial Interpretation.

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This paper compares two ways of reducing poverty: India's rights-based employment guarantee (MGNREGA) and East Asia's state-directed, export-oriented model. It explains how MGNREGA provides income security through a legal right to work, a public wage floor, and local asset creation, strengthening workers' bargaining power in a federal democracy. In contrast, East Asian governments used industrial policy, state-directed finance, land reform, and export discipline to push firms up the productivity ladder and move workers from farming into manufacturing. The paper clarifies that East Asia was not a "free market" story and that MGNREGA is more than "make-work." It argues that the two approaches can complement each other when public works are durable and climate-relevant, timed to agricultural slack seasons, lightly skill-building, linked to targeted credit, and embedded in transparent performance benchmarks.

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MGNREGA; developmental state; export discipline; structural transformation.

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The growing demand for enhanced thermal comfort, energy efficiency, and compact design in modern vehicles necessitates the optimization of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. HVAC duct design plays a pivotal role in determining airflow distribution, noise levels, and overall system efficiency. This project focuses on the optimization of HVAC duct systems in passenger vehicles through the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. The primary objective is to reduce pressure losses, improve airflow uniformity, and enhance thermal comfort without compromising the packaging constraints of the vehicle interior. The study begins with a baseline evaluation of a conventional HVAC duct design using CFD simulations to identify inefficiencies such as turbulence zones, high-pressure drops, and flow separation areas. Using this baseline as a reference, various design modifications are proposed, including changes in duct geometry, bends, splitter locations, and vent positions. Each modified design is analysed through CFD tools to assess parameters such as velocity distribution, static pressure, turbulence intensity, and flow uniformity. Optimization techniques, including parametric analysis and design of experiments (DOE), are employed to systematically refine the duct design. The final optimized design demonstrates a significant reduction in pressure drop (by 6 pascal), improved flow uniformity at passenger outlets, and enhanced overall HVAC performance. Additionally, noise generation due to turbulent flow is minimized, contributing to improved cabin comfort. The project validates the effectiveness of CFD as a powerful tool in the automotive HVAC system design process. The results highlight the potential for computational analysis to accelerate development cycles, reduce physical prototyping costs, and deliver better-performing systems. This study serves as a framework for future research and development of energy-efficient and ergonomically optimized vehicle HVAC systems.

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CFD, Ansys Fluent, HVAC Duct.

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Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is one of the most prevalent gynecological conditions among young women and a leading cause of class absenteeism and poor academic engagement. Its impact in Indian higher education settings, however, remains under-documented. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 130 female students aged 18-25 years from nursing colleges in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Participants were selected using convenient sampling. Data were collected using a pretested, structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic details, menstrual history, severity of dysmenorrhea (10-point Visual Analog Scale) and academic impact (absenteeism, concentration difficulties and perceived decline in performance). Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Descriptive statistics were applied and chi-square tests examined associations between dysmenorrhea severity and academic outcomes, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 74.6% (97/130). Among affected students, 23.1% reported mild pain, 41.2% moderate and 10.3% severe. Dysmenorrhea significantly impacted academic performance: 54.6% reported missing at least one class per cycle, 63.9% experienced concentration difficulties and 47.4% perceived a decline in academic performance. Severity of dysmenorrhea was significantly associated with absenteeism (p = 0.01) and academic decline (p = 0.03), though the association with concentration difficulty was not significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Dysmenorrhea substantially affects academic performance among female students in Jaipur. Incorporating menstrual health education, supportive counseling and academic accommodations may reduce its burden.

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Dysmenorrhea, academic performance, absenteeism, college students, Jaipur

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