Volume 13 | Issue 9

 Abstract

The exponential growth in digital technologies has generated a hybrid system that lays the groundwork for complex physical and virtual identities. From the moment of their birth-and increasingly even before-babies start leaving their digital footprints from one processor to another, from one platform to another, and from one service provider to another. Such footprints can be anyone ranging from social media profiles to cloud-based archives, biometric identifiers, geolocation histories, algorithmically generated likenesses, and AI recreations to the human personality: digital self. The death of the physical body is not considered death for the digital self; a digital personality continues to exist in the form of stored data traces, memorialized profiles, communications, data traces, and even synthetic reproductions. This raises many complex legal, ethical, and philosophical questions about the persistence of identity beyond biological death. Who has authority over the digital assets of the deceased? May their image or likeness be commercialized without their consent? Can the "right to be forgotten" transcend the death of the right-holder? And what limits, if any, should be attached to the resurrection of a person's voice, face, or personality through artificial intelligence? Significant development in the recognition of personality rights and data protection regulations has occurred for the postulation of dignity, autonomy, and privacy of the living. The posthumous legal treatment of these rights is much more fragmented, nascent, and, in numerous scenarios, non-existent. Jurisdictions vary widely as regards whether such rights survive death, for how long, and whether they can be enforced by heirs or executors. The lack of an apt wholesome framework leaves those digital legacies vulnerable to misuse, ranging from deepfake porn and identity theft to unauthorized commercialization of the late celebrity's image. This paper presents some of the major conceptual and jurisprudential ideas to recognize and protect posthumous personality rights in the digital domain, ranging from several by-law philosophies, such as the Natural Rights Theory, considering those rights conferred on a human being as correlated with dignity, and therefore, could not die with him or her; Roscoe Pound's Theory of Interests, wherein the law takes into consideration the balance among individual, social, and public interests; and the Theory of Justice of John Rawls, according to which the framework of justice should be generated under conditions that are fair and impartial so as to sustain equality.

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 Keywords

Posthumous rights, digital personality, data protection, digital legacy, Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023.

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This study investigates the financial challenges faced by 180 single professional women aged 40 to 60 years in Udaipur City. It explores various aspects such as income inadequacy, economic security, and dependency on family, workplace discrimination, property rights, and qualifications. Using primary data and statistical analysis, this article highlights age-wise variations and provides insights to inform policy and societal reforms aimed at economic empowerment.

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FINANCIAL ISSUES FACED BY SINGLE PROFESSIONAL WOMEN IN URBAN INDIA

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The Indian diaspora constitutes one of the largest and most diverse diasporic communities in the world, with a history spanning centuries of colonial migration, postcolonial displacement, and contemporary globalization. The literature emerging from this community reflects complex negotiations of identity, belonging, and cultural hybridity. This paper examines Indian diaspora literature through a close engagement with key theoretical and literary texts. Drawing on foundational works such as Salman Rushdie's Imaginary Homelands and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's insights on women in the transnational world, alongside fiction by Jhumpa Lahiri and critical frameworks developed by scholars like Jasbir Jain and N. Jayaram, the paper explores themes of nostalgia, alienation, linguistic negotiation, and the politics of memory. It argues that diaspora literature not only mirrors the struggles of displacement but also creates a new imaginative space where hybrid identities thrive. By engaging both sociological perspectives on migration and literary analysis of diasporic texts, the paper highlights how Indian diaspora literature acts as both an archive of memory and a site of resistance.

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 Keywords

Indian diaspora; hybridity; nostalgia; cultural displacement; transnational identity; diaspora literature; belonging; migration; postcolonial studies.

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Keywords: Structured Teaching Programme, High-Risk Pregnancy, Postnatal Complications, Maternal Knowledge, Antenatal Education

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R.K Narayan was a celebrated Indian writer with a considerable talent. He along with, Mulk Raj Anand, Raja Rao has been precursors in Indian English Writing. He has set his works in the fictitious town Malgudi. He has been a master in mixing facts with myths, mythologies and fables. He has been acclaimed for his simple and modest writing style. Through his writing, he lets the readers peep into Indian culture, religion and mythology,and code of conduct. His subject matter is always based on the myths, the legends, the incidents from the Veda, the Puranas and the Upanishads etc. Narayan doesnot preach philosophy in an abstruse way. He has written about the world he knows and he has lived in. He drew from his own experience and that is what makes his novels so convincing. His novels are depiction of felt experience of life. He is a pour artist uninvolved, uncommitted, and uncontroversial. His only commitment is to art rather than any ideology and dogma.His fiction is fact.His contribution to Indian English Literature is pourly indigenous. R. K. Narayan has given a profound message in Man Eater of Malgudi by blending the myths, the mythologies and the puranas. In it, there has been a conflict between virtue and vice. Man eater means troubling the men not eating them. I have tried to explore a conflict between good and evil and their mythological relevance in this paper.We find that the size of the evil and vice may be enormous but it is a diminutive figre befre goodness and uprightness. At last goodness comes out victorious.

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 Keywords

Diminutive,Repository,Fountainhead,Condescending,Highhandedness,Regimented,Verisilimitude,Clamitious

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The growing demand for personalized education has accelerated the adoption of digital tutoring platforms. Traditional online learning often lacks adaptability, real-time personalization, and immersive engagement. This research presents the design and implementation of an Augmented Reality (AR) based Home Tutor Website integrated with Machine Learning (ML) models and a MongoDB NoSQL database. The system uses React.js for the frontend, Node.js for backend APIs, and Python-based ML models to recommend suitable tutors, predict student performance, and enhance learning experiences. The proposed architecture ensures scalability, security, and intelligent recommendation through collaborative filtering and natural language processing (NLP). Experimental evaluations demonstrate improvements in recommendation accuracy, system responsiveness, and student engagement compared to traditional e-learning solutions. This paper contributes a novel, modernized, and practical solution that integrates AR with intelligent tutoring, paving the way for next-generation educational technologies.

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Augmented Reality (AR) Home Tutoring Platform Machine Learning (ML) MongoDB (NoSQL Database) React.js Node.js / Express.js Python (FastAPI, scikit-learn, TensorFlow, HuggingFace Transformers) Tutor Recommendation System Student Performance Prediction Natural Language Processing (NLP) Collaborative Filtering Random Forest Regression XGBoost DistilBERT / BERT AR.js / Three.js Docker Vercel / Heroku / AWS EC2 Educational Technology Adaptive Learning Immersive Learning Personaliz

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Keywords: Structured Teaching Programme, Menstrual Hygiene, Adolescent Girls, Knowledge Improvement

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Sequential art, a narrative form combining text and images to communicate an idea, has been a compelling storytelling medium that crosses cultural and temporal boundaries. From primitive iconography to current digital graphic narratives, this form has continuously evolved, reflecting social, artistic, and technological shifts. Once seen as mere leisure activity, now bloomed into a legitimised literary text. This study probes into the evolution of sequential art form from its ancient beginnings to graphic novel, analysing how cultural, technological and educational factors have shaped its progression and contributed to its contemporary status making it a legitimate and artistic medium.

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Sequential art, storytelling graphic novels, comics, politics, visual narratives, digital narratives.

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This paper presents the AI-Enhanced Sign Language Conversion System (AISLCS), an advanced assistive technology platform that leverages Computer Vision (CV), Natural Language Processing (NLP), and adaptive deep learning models to interpret and translate sign language gestures into real-time textual captions with remarkable contextual accuracy. In the modern era, where virtual meetings have become integral to education, healthcare, and professional collaboration, AISLCS distinguishes itself by enabling dynamic, human-like interpretation of highly visual and gesture-based communication. [1] The system is engineered to capture, process, and generate meaningful translations from sign gestures, facilitating automated accessibility for inclusive digital interaction and equitable participation in online environments. AISLCS employs sophisticated AI techniques, including gesture detection (for identifying hand shapes and motion trajectories), temporal modeling (to preserve continuity in dynamic signing), sentiment-aware processing (capturing emotional context), and contextual NLP refinement, which ensures grammatically coherent output throughout a session. [2] By combining machine learning models. Blending state-of-the-art deep learning with rule-based interpretation patterns, AISLCS adapts to diverse user profiles, regional sign variations, and evolving vocabularies, delivering a personalized and scalable communication experience. Its applicability spans education (enabling equal classroom participation), corporate collaboration (inclusive professional meetings), telemedicine (supporting patient-doctor consultations), and consumer-facing accessibility tools This work demonstrates how integrating adaptive AI with modern computer vision expands our potential to bridge the communication gap for the Deaf and hard-of-hearing community, making digital collaboration more accessible, engaging, and equitable than ever before. The project shows how modern AI-driven gesture recognition and NLP-based contextual processing can transform user interaction in virtual platforms through advanced automated sign-to-text dialogue systems.

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AI-Enhanced Sign Language Conversion System (AISLCS), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Computer Vision (CV), Natural Language Processing (NLP), Sign Language Recognition, Gesture Detection, Deep Learning, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Temporal Modeling, MediaPipe, OpenCV, Hand Keypoint Extraction, Motion Trajectory Analysis, Emotion Detection, Contextual Understanding, Real-Time Translation, Multilingual Support (ISL/ASL), Natural Language Generation (NLG), Nat

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The repair and strengthening of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures continue to gain significance as global environments deteriorate and infrastructure ages while the demands of service increase. Traditional strengthening techniques such as steel jacketing and the incorporation of synthetic fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) systems are useful and broadly accepted methods of strengthening concrete yet can gaps or weaknesses of their own by adding unnecessary weight, contrived corrosion issues, or high environmental costs. There is an increasing effort in research towards using natural fibers--such as jute, basalt, and sisal--as sustainable alternatives to synthetic fibers in FRP applications. Natural fiber-reinforced polymers (NFRPs) provide advantages including biodegradability, renewability, cost, and desirable mechanical properties. Presented here is a thorough literature review, of recent work identifying advances in natural and hybrid fiber composites that were utilized in strengthening concrete elements. The reviewed works had various techniques employed such as full wrapping (encapsulation) and strip wrapping of columns, beams, and piles, as well as the use of textile-reinforced mortars (TRMs) that combined both natural and synthetic fibers. The reviewed works consistently showed improvements in the compressive, flexural, and shear capacities of the concrete elements, improvements in ductility and energy absorption were also seen in all works covered. Additional proof that the durability of the systems held up in heavy environmental conditions such as the acidic, alkaline, marine, and potable water conditions were also validated. The hybrid options (untarred configurations) of most of the studies that were used as natural fiber combinations stood out in their performance.

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Natural FiberReinforced Polymer Concrete Strengthening Jute and Basalt Fibers Textile-Reinforced Mortar Structural Retrofitting

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Abstract- Workplace loneliness is a rising psychological stressor in modern organizations. Using the Conservation of Resources theory and data from 350 Indian service sector employees, this study examines whether emotional exhaustion mediates the relationship between loneliness and job performance

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Workplace loneliness, emotional exhaustion, job performance, conservation of resources theory, human resource management burnout, and organizational psychology

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Abstract This article explores Erin Doom's The Tearsmith through the lens of contemporary trauma theory, focusing specifically on how emotional suppression and psychological trauma shape the identity and behaviour of its protagonist. Drawing upon the theoretical frameworks of Cathy Caruth, Judith Herman, Bessel van der Kolk, and Laurie Vickroy, and emerging pluralistic trauma models. The study examines the hidden pain that shapes the characters' lives and demonstrates how their words, silences, and relationships reveal the lasting effects of trauma. The book is studied as both a story about trauma and a healing text that encourages readers, especially young adults, to feel empathy, think deeply and find possible healing through fiction. This analysis uses ideas from attachment theory, body-focused trauma studies, and current research on emotional suppression to show how Doom's work adds to the growing literature on intergenerational trauma and its impact on adolescent growth, by exploring the novel's sophisticated portrayal of complex trauma response, therapeutic relationships, and the gradual process of healing. This study reveals how contemporary young adult literature can serve as both a mirror and medicine for readers navigating their own psychological wounds.

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Keywords: The Tearsmith, Psychological Trauma, Emotional Suppression, Empathy

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This study examined the effectiveness of counseling and Barkley's Parent Training Program in reducing parental stress among parents of children with ADHD. Thirty-three parents were divided into three groups: counseling only (n=11), parent training only (n=11), and combined counseling with parent training (n=11). Paired t-tests showed significant reductions in parental stress across all groups, with the combined intervention yielding the greatest effect. ANOVA confirmed significant group differences, F(2,30)=6.97, p=.003. These findings suggest integrating counseling with behavioral parent training as an effective intervention for reducing parental stress.

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ADHD, parental stress, counseling, Barkley Parent Training Program, intervention

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The discourse on criminal justice reforms has increasingly converged on the pressing issue of mass incarceration, which has emerged as one of the most critical challenges for modern legal systems. Mass incarceration, characterized by disproportionately high rates of imprisonment, often reflects deeper systemic flaws such as punitive sentencing policies, inadequate access to legal representation, socio-economic inequalities, and racial or caste-based biases. This phenomenon not only strains prison infrastructure and state resources but also perpetuates cycles of poverty, marginalization, and recidivism, undermining the rehabilitative goals of justice. Criminal justice reforms aim to address these structural imbalances by advocating for alternatives to incarceration, restorative justice mechanisms, decriminalization of minor offenses, and fair sentencing practices. Emphasis is also placed on rehabilitation, reintegration of offenders into society, and safeguarding the human rights of prisoners. By critically analyzing comparative approaches from different jurisdictions and situating them in the Indian context, this study explores pathways to reduce reliance on incarceration while ensuring accountability and public safety. The paper argues that sustainable reforms must strike a balance between deterrence, rehabilitation, and social justice, ultimately reorienting the criminal justice system towards equity, efficiency, and humanity.

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CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFORMS AND MASS INCARCERATION

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ABSTRACT_ The extensive use of Social Networking in India has been on the rise among the new generation youths. In today's world, life cannot be imagined without Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, What- sApp, LinkedIn or Twitter accounts and online handles. The new age social networking culture has been well accepted and has met an enthusiastic response and acceptance. There are reports of cultural changes and in the way traditional interactions and social communications are conducted in India. Research studies on this new age social media impact and usage within India have been limited to specific surveys and theories. The objectives of this study is an attempt to investigate the extent of social networking impact on the Indian youth. The reason for selecting youth as the target audience is because the direction of a country and culture is decided by the direction taken by youths of that country. This paper is an attempt to analyse the pattern of social networking usage and impact in order to determine the social networking addiction. The extensive use of Social Networking in India has been on the rise among the new generation youths. In today's world, life cannot be imagined without Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, skype, WhatsApp, LinkedIn or Twitter accounts and online handles. The new age social networking culture has been well accepted and has met an enthusiastic response and acceptance. There are reports of cultural changes and in the way traditional interactions and social communications are conducted in India. Research studies on this new age social media impact and usage within India have been limited to specific surveys and theories. As social media sites continue to grow in popularity, it is our premise that Technology is a vital part in today's student success equation. This descriptive, exploratory research study drew a random sample (N=48) of males (n=26) and females (n=22) who were administered a student perception questionnaire on how social media affects students of management college of Bhopal. 35% percent of the participants were undergraduates and 65% were graduate students, studying at management colleges of Bhopal. 31% percent of participants have full-time jobs, 30% have part-time jobs and 39% do not have jobs. The results of the survey questionnaire indicate that 45% of the sample admitted that they spent 6-8 hours per day checking social media sites, while 23% spent more than 8 hours; 20% spent 2-4 hours and only 12% spent less than 2 hours on this task. Results indicate while most college students use social media and spend many hours checking social media sites, there was a negative aspect to college students' use of social media. The objectives of this research paper is an attempt to investigate the extent of social networking impact on the students of management colleges in Bhopal. . The reason for selecting college students is that, present pursuing college students are youth of our country and as we all know the direction of a country and culture is decided by the direction taken by youths of that country. This paper is an attempt to analyze the pattern of social networking usage and impact in order to determine the social networking addiction. Key Words: social media, college students, learning efficiency, networking, culture. The extensive use of Social Networking in India has been on the rise among the new generation youths. In today's world, life cannot be imagined without Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, What- sApp, LinkedIn or Twitter accounts and online handles. The new age social networking culture has been well accepted and has met an enthusiastic response and acceptance. There are reports of cultural changes and in the way traditional interactions and social communications are conducted in India. Research studies on this new age social media impact and usage within India have been limited to specific surveys and theories. The objectives of this study is an attempt to investigate the extent of social networking impact on the Indian youth. The reason for selecting youth as the target audience is because the direction of a country and culture is decided by the direction taken by youths of that country. This paper is an attempt to analyse the pattern of social networking usage and impact in order to determine the social networking addiction. The extensive use of Social Networking in India has been on the rise among the new generation youths. In today's world, life cannot be imagined without Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, What- sApp, LinkedIn or Twitter accounts and online handles. The new age social networking culture has been well accepted and has met an enthusiastic response and acceptance. There are reports of cultural changes and in the way traditional interactions and social communications are conducted in India. Research studies on this new age social media impact and usage within India have been limited to specific surveys and theories. The objectives of this study is an attempt to investigate the extent of social networking impact on the Indian youth. The reason for selecting youth as the target audience is because the direction of a country and culture is decided by the direction taken by youths of that country. This paper is an attempt to analyse the pattern of social networking usage and impact in order to determine the social networking addiction.

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Key Words: social media, college students, learning efficiency, networking, culture. The extensive use of Social Networking in India has been on the rise among the new generation youths. In today's world, life cannot be imagined without Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, What- sApp, LinkedIn or Twitter accounts and online handles. The new age social networking culture has been well accepted and has met an enthusiastic response and acceptance. There are reports of cultural changes and in the way

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Clostridium botulinum serotype B produces botulinum neurotoxin type B (BTX-B), a zinc-dependent endopeptidase with unique structural and receptor-binding characteristics. Although BTX-B is FDA-approved for select clinical indications, its microbial diversity, gene organization, and structural adaptations remain comparatively underexplored. This mini-review consolidates current knowledge on the taxonomy, strain variation, and genetic architecture of BTX-B-producing C. botulinum, including the role of toxin gene clusters and accessory proteins in modulating yield, stability, and host specificity. Structural analysis is linked to the dual receptor-binding mechanism of the toxin and its enzymatic cleavage of vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP), which collectively underpin its biological activity. By integrating these microbiological insights with an overview of current and emerging applications, this review highlights BTX-B as both a model bacterial protein toxin and a promising candidate for biotechnological innovation. Understanding its microbial basis offers new opportunities for safe production, targeted delivery, and the development of next-generation neurotoxin-based tools.

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Clostridium botulinum; botulinum neurotoxin type B; microbial genetics; toxin gene clusters; neurotoxin structure; biotechnology

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract- The family Solanaceae consist of many plants, one of them is solanum viarum dunal. This plant contains chemical constituents like solasodine, alkaloids, flavonoids and fatty acid. The plant has many medicinal properties and used cardiotonic, anti-fungal, ant spermatogenic, antiandrogenic, immunomodulatory, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity. Herbal tablet prepared by wet granulation method. The drug used in this study were Solanum viarum, talc, lactose, starch, gelatin and magnesium stearate. Then the granules were evaluated for pre-formulation study. Formulated tablet was evaluated for post compression parameter. The tablet was evaluated for weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, disintegration test. Their dissolution was assessed by using UV visible spectrophotometer at 274 nm wavelength. From the above study, we conclude that the herbal tablet was prepared by wet granulation method and gave the acceptable and adequate results. The tablet shows instantaneous drug release due to compressed tablet.

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Solanum viraum, herbal tablet, analgesic activity, antipyretic activity

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Abstract- The internet is frequently hailed as a remarkable tool, an engaging platform, and a liberating experience. However, the question remains: for whom? As the online world expands, many of us are at risk of falling prey to sophisticated cybercriminals who expertly navigate the digital landscape. Cyberspace, often referred to as the web, is a dynamic and intangible environment. This paper examines the emerging threat of cybercrime, a new breed of business and high-tech criminality. It provides an overview of cybercrimes, the perpetrators, and their motivations. A detailed discussion of various cybercrimes will be presented, along with the unique challenges and response issues that arise during prevention, detection, and investigation. Additionally, this paper will outline the relevant sections of the IT Act 2000 of India and propose new provisions to enhance the legislation. The discussion will cover the complexities of cybercrime and the need for effective measures to combat this growing threat

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cyber crime ,laws ,threat ,internet, offence, remarkable tool

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Access to safe and reliable drinking water remains a critical challenge in rural India despite significant policy interventions. The Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM), launched in 2019, aims to provide functional household tap connections to every rural household by 2024. This study examines household willingness to pay (WTP) for improved drinking water services under JJM in Tamil Nadu, with a focus on socio-economic determinants, water quality perceptions, and service reliability. Primary survey data were collected from rural households and analysed using a logistic regression framework. The results indicate that income, education, and gender of the household head significantly increase WTP, while negative perceptions of water quality reduce it. Households with higher awareness of health risks associated with poor water quality reported stronger WTP, highlighting the role of information in shaping demand. Policy implications suggest that beyond infrastructure provision, ensuring water quality monitoring, transparent communication, and community engagement are essential to build trust and achieve cost recovery in rural water supply. This study fills a gap in the literature by linking household-level perceptions to financial sustainability of JJM in Tamil Nadu, offering insights for scaling rural water programmes in India.

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Jal Jeevan Mission, Willingness to Pay, Rural Water Supply, Tamil Nadu, Household Perceptions

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The Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector plays a significant role in shaping consumer lifestyles, with personal care products being one of its most dynamic segments. Consumer brand preference in this category is influenced by multiple factors such as quality, price, availability, packaging, brand image, and promotional strategies. This study aims to examine consumer brand preferences for personal care products in Aruppukottai town. A descriptive research design was adopted, and data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to a sample of consumers across different demographic groups. The findings highlight the key determinants of brand preference, reveal the most preferred brands in the personal care segment, and provide insights into the role of consumer perception and purchasing behavior in brand selection. The study concludes with suggestions for marketers to strengthen brand loyalty and align marketing strategies with consumer expectations in the competitive FMCG market.

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FMCG, Brand Preference, Consumer Behavior, Personal Care Products, Aruppukottai, Brand Loyalty, Purchasing Decisions, Marketing Strategies

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