Volume 13 | Issue 9

 Abstract

Profitability is the life blood of every business. The term profitability includes two terms profit and ability. Every business organisation wants to know its profit at the end of the year. It also wants to know its profit earning capability. Ultimate profit comes from the profit earning capability of the company or Industry. Tea is an industry of two folds values. It has industrial value and also it has agricultural value. The present study aims to identify the comparative profitability performance and weaknesses of selected tea companies in West Bengal. The study covers 10 tea companies operating in West Bengal. Out of which 6 are public sector tea companies and 4 are private sector tea companies. The study has been undertaken for the period of twelve years from 2014 to 2025. To analyse the comparative profitability of selected public sector and private sector tea companies, various accounting ratios have been used. Various statistical tools such as A.M., S.D., C.V., have been used to measure the comparative profitability and t-test has been used to test of significance.

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Profitability Analysis, Public Sector Tea Company, Private Sector Tea Company, Descriptive Statistics, t-test, Comparative Study

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Murraya paniculata (Rutaceae), commonly known as orange jasmine, is an evergreen shrub of considerable medicinal and economic importance. Members of the Rutaceae family are widely recognized for their edible fruits and essential oils, while M. paniculata has gained attention for its diverse pharmacological activities. Literature on the pharmacognostic features, phytochemical composition, and ethnomedicinal uses of M. paniculata was reviewed from various scientific databases. Reports indicate that its leaf extracts contain phenolic compounds, oxygenated flavonoids, flavanones, sesquiterpenoids, polymethoxy glycosides, and coumarins. Essential oils are rich in cyclocitral, methyl salicylate, trans-nerolidol, cubenol, isogermacrene, cadinol, and cubeb-11-ene. Traditional medicine describes the therapeutic use of its bark, leaves, and flowers. Pharmacological studies confirm multiple biological properties, including anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-implantation, cytotoxic, anti-diarrheal, antidepressant, and anxiolytic effects. The wide spectrum of activities suggests its potential as a source of novel therapeutic agents. Murraya paniculata exhibits remarkable pharmacognostic and phytopharmacological potential. Further scientific investigations focusing on its active constituents may contribute to the development of new drugs for managing infectious and metabolic disorders, thereby expanding its clinical relevance.

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Herbal plants, Murraya paniculata, Pharmacognosy, Therapeutic uses.

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 Abstract

Chatro Ki Suraksha Aur Shashtikaran Ke Liye Aatmaraksha Kaushal Ke Mahatva Ka Adhyan

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Chatro Ki Suraksha Aur Shashtikaran Ke Liye Aatmaraksha Kaushal Ke Mahatva Ka Adhyan

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Observation is a crucial aspect of case taking in homeopathy, allowing physicians to gather comprehensive information about a patient's physical, emotional, and mental state. This article highlights the importance of observation in homeopathic case taking, its key aspects, insights from homeopathic stalwarts, best practices, and impact on prescribing decisions.

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Homeopathy,Casetaking,Observations,Non-verbal cues Behavioral patterns, Physical characteristics, Emotional responses,Prescribing decisions, Remedy selection

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ABSTRACT Both industrialized and emerging nations are beginning to recognize the significance of the problem of economic inequality. By looking into this particular matter, the purpose of this study is to answer the question, "Does the correlation between income inequality and GDP growth vary with stage of development?" This is the question that this research intends to address. According to the findings of our sample of twenty nations, ten of which are developed and ten of which are developing, spanning the years 2000 to 2020, income inequality is a barrier to economic advancement all over the globe. On the other hand, it is rising countries that are feeling the effect far more intensely. Based on the findings of our study, we can conclude that the link between income inequality and economic development is not linear. This is because the negative impact of income disparity on economic growth grows exponentially worse beyond a certain level. An additional argument in favor of the non-linear nature of the connection is provided by this. Due to the fact that the threshold for vulnerability is lower in developing countries than it is in industrialized nations, vulnerability is more likely to occur in conditions that are less economically developed. There will be significant repercussions for public policy as a consequence of the findings, which indicate that developing countries, in particular, should make efforts to reduce income inequality if they want to foster sustainable economic growth.

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Keywords: Comparative Analysis, Developed and Developing Countries, Economic Growth, and Income Inequality

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ABSTRACT Our goal in doing this study is to learn how Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) affects job creation in developing countries by looking at both quantitative and qualitative indicators of labor market outcomes. Foreign direct investment (FDI) affects wage structures, job creation, and skill development across a number of industries; this research uses empirical data and theoretical frameworks to examine these effects. Management expertise, technology transfer, and access to global markets are a few ways in which foreign direct investment (FDI) may positively affect employment. Foreign direct investment (FDI) may have positive effects on economies, but it can also have negative consequences, such as job losses and pay inequality. For the purpose of identifying where FDI is most effective in generating employment opportunities, we examine regional and industry trends. A number of contextual elements are included in the research. These include human capital development, labor market flexibility, regulatory frameworks, and institution quality. How well foreign direct investment (FDI) creates long-term employment possibilities is affected by these variables. To help developing nations attract foreign direct investment (FDI) that will promote long-term economic development, this research offers practical insights into promoting inclusive growth, reducing unemployment, and improving the labor market overall. Cutting the unemployment rate would do this. It does this by highlighting legislative initiatives and exemplary practices.

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Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Employment Generation, Job Creation, Emerging Economies, Labor Market Outcomes, Wage Effects

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A socioeconomic study was conducted in the two mangroves of Cameroon with the objective of all the activities and livelihoods of populations and subsequently record their impact on the conservation and sustainable management of this ecosystem. The Rio Del Rey mangrove in the South-west region (Bakassi area) and the Cameroon estuary mangrove in the Douala region, include seven species that form the wood and non-wood floristic base in this environment. These comprise six indigenous mangroves species and one species introduced from Asia, the Nipa identifying palm (Nypa fructicans). The study underlines a multitude of sectors including those of halieutic (fishing) products, agricultural products, wood, shopkeeping and sand. Measures to manage the anarchic development of Nipa palm are suggested. For a sustainable management policy of Cameroonian mangroves, it is urgent to have laws and regulations specific to that ecosystem.

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mangroves, livelihoods, conservation, sustainable management, A socioeconomic study

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This study explores the impact of Thera-band and circuit training interventions on selected psychomotor variables, emphasizing their efficacy in enhancing motor skills, reaction time and balance. The research design incorporated pre- and post-test assessments, comparing the effects of the two training methods across experimental and control groups. Results indicated significant improvements in psychomotor performance for both intervention groups, with variations in the degree of enhancement depending on the specific variable. The findings suggest the potential of these training modalities in improving psychomotor functions in various populations.

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Thera-band training, circuit training, psychomotor variables, reaction time, balance.

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Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite the availability of various antiepileptic drugs, there is still a need for more effective and safer therapeutic options. We employed a combination of in silico approaches to screen four phytochemical compounds (Apigenin, Cannabinol, Orientin, and Vitexin) for their potential as lead compounds in antiepileptic drug research The bioactivity prediction tool PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances) suggested that these compounds may possess antiepileptic properties. Molecular docking studies against the target protein Carbonic Anhydrase (PDB ID: 3FSE) revealed that Cannabinol exhibited the strongest binding affinity, followed by Apigenin and Vitexin. Additionally, SwissADME predictions indicated that these compounds adhere to drug-likeness criteria, as well as pharmacokinetic and bioavailability guidelines.

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PASS, Carbonic Anhydrase, Apigenin, Cannabinol, Orientin, and Vitexin

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The Vijayanagara Empire, once a formidable force in South India, has left a profound legacy across Karnataka, especially in terms of heritage tourism. This paper explores how the architectural, religious, and cultural contributions of the Vijayanagara rulers continue to attract domestic and international tourists, particularly through monuments like those at Hampi--a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Despite its immense potential, challenges in preservation, sustainable tourism infrastructure, and community involvement persist. This paper analyzes the historical legacy, current tourism dynamics, and future strategies for enhancing heritage tourism centered on Vijayanagara's cultural assets.

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Vijayanagara Empire, Hampi, Karnataka, Heritage Tourism, Cultural Legacy, Preservation, South India

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Health related problems such as eating disorders, obesity is found to be related with eating attitudes. In the present study, a non clinical sample of 75 adolescent males (16 to 18 years) of age were incorporated. All the participants were tested on measures of Eating Attitude Test, Multi Dimensional Perfectionism Scale, Barrat's Impulsivity Scale, Locus of Control, Body Esteem Scale, Body Shape Questionnaire and along with their BMI. For the purpose Kelly's (1935) method of principal axis was used for factorization of the correlation matrix to partial out to some extent the influence of the extraneous factors. The 21 variables were inter-correlated by means of product moment correlations and were subjected to factor analysis. Eight factors were found to account for the bulk of 70.92% of variance for males. Factors obtained were body strength, eating attitudes, individual control, parental expectation and control, powerful others, cognitive stability, cognitive complexity and motor aspects.

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Eating attitudes; Body Image; Cognitive Strength; Motor Control

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The dearth of water is now one of India's main issues as it develops. The rapidly growing population is also driving up demand. Even though India receives a lot of rainfall each year, which could help fulfil the water needs of its expanding population, much of the rainwater ends up as surface runoA because to poor infrastructure, a lack of awareness, and insuAicient legislation. This paper focuses on the villages of Poladpur Taluka in Raigad district, a region with high annual rainfall yet faces persistent water scarcity. The study investigates the region's historical evolution, topography, and current water conditions, along with its socio-cultural fabric and traditional practices. By analysing the intricate relationship between environmental conditions and community life, the paper explores how water scarcity has led to agricultural decline, weakened social structures, and triggered migration. These factors are deeply interconnected, as the loss of water security not only disrupts livelihoods but also erodes local customs, festivals, and collective identity. This research shows how water is not just a resource but also a key factor influencing the ecological equilibrium, longevity of culture, and social durability of the area through this multidisciplinary approach.

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Water Scarcity, Rainwater RunoA, Rural Maharashtra, Environment, Migration, Cultural Erosion.

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This study examines the school atmosphere and adaptation experiences of Grade XI students at SHRISHTI School, encompassing both Matriculation and Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) curriculum streams. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 624 enrolled students, with 470 participants responding (response rate: 75.3%). The research investigated five key dimensions: institutional selection factors, school atmosphere adaptation, peer relationships, teacher-student interactions, and learning environment satisfaction. Results indicate predominantly positive experiences across all measured dimensions, with 356 CBSE and 114 Matriculation students participating. The majority of students (89%) reported smooth or mostly positive transitions to the new school environment, while teacher-student relationships received exceptionally high ratings (93% excellent/good). However, areas for improvement were identified, particularly in peer relationship facilitation where 18 students reported feeling disconnected. These findings provide valuable insights for educational administrators seeking to enhance student integration and institutional effectiveness.

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School atmosphere, Student adaptation, Grade XI students, Teacher-student relationships, Educational transition

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Organ trafficking in India persists as a grave human rights violation, closely linked to widespread poverty and systemic inequality. This study explores how economic desperation compels marginalized individuals to become victims or participants in the illegal organ trade. Despite legal mechanisms like the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act (THOTA), enforcement remains weak, and corruption often facilitates illicit transactions between brokers, medical personnel, and recipients. Through an analysis of case studies, socio-economic data, and policy gaps, this research highlights the structural drivers of organ trafficking in India. Also discussing the international convention of organ trafficking and how it violates human rights..It underscores the urgent need for a multidimensional policy response that includes poverty alleviation, public health education, legal reform, and stronger medical oversight. Addressing the root causes of vulnerability is critical for dismantling organ trafficking networks and protecting human dignity.

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Organ trafficking, poverty, India, THOTA, human rights, illegal organ trade, socioeconomic vulnerability, public health, legal enforcement, medical ethics

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Travancore, the erstwhile native state of India, was well pinpointed as a maritime country among the native states of colonial times. The long coastline of Travancore helped to extract revenue from customs duties. Along with agrarian output, it served for the financial progress of the State. The entry of Colonialism made matters worse. The British government passed the Free Interportal Trade Act in 1848. It freed the coasting trade from all customs duties on goods passing from one port to another within British India. The native states, including Travancore, suffered heavily on account of it. It led to negotiations between British India and the native states to remove the evil effects of the act. That course led to the formation of the Interportal Trade Convention in 1865. But it was targeted to conduct a serious drain on the revenue resources of Travancore from various sectors.

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Chowkey, Pandakasala, Thorums, Vijarippukar, Sirkar, Candy.

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Unemployment, according to International Labour Organization (ILO), is a state of not having a job but is available to work and actively looking for a work. One of the most socio-economic problems in Bihar, which has a large population, intense demographic pressure and a long-standing underdeveloped industrial base has been unemployment. Even after improvements in literacy, infrastructure and service-sector growth, Bihar still faces the challenge of providing adequate and sustainable job opportunities to growing youth population. To resolve this crisis, the state government over the last few years has started various policies such as initiatives to develop skills, policies to promote industries, special self-employment initiatives among others. This paper not only looks at the structural nature of unemployment in Bihar, but also analyzes the interventions by the government and their achievements and shortcomings.

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Unemployment, Types, Migration, Skill Development, Industrial Promotion, Entrepreneurship

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Reflective teaching is crucial in Indian schools and higher education for developing educators who are thoughtful and dedicated to high academic standards and accreditation. Recognized by educators and researchers as essential for effective teaching, reflective practice plays a key role. This study addresses important questions to improve our understanding of reflective teaching and its impact on becoming a reflective practitioner: Why should teachers understand reflection and its different aspects? Why is it important for teachers to engage in reflective learning and teaching throughout their careers? What benefits can come from using a reflective approach? The study aims to answer these questions and provide a clearer view of reflection, its components, and ways to support effective reflective teaching.

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Action, Refection, Reflection-in-action, Reflection-on-action, Reflection-for-action, Reflective Teaching, Teacher Education

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The exponential rise in urbanization and vehicle ownership has resulted in a substantial increase in the demand for parking spaces in metropolitan cities. However, this surge has not been matched by corresponding growth in parking infrastructure, leading to severe challenges such as traffic congestion, time wastage, increased fuel consumption, and elevated pollution levels. Studies indicate that a significant percentage of inner-city traffic is caused by drivers circling in search of available parking spaces. This not only creates inefficiencies in urban mobility but also contributes to driver frustration, missed appointments, and decreased productivity. To address these persistent urban challenges, a smart and efficient parking space management system (psms) is essential. This paper proposes a comprehensive Parking Space Management System based on the integration of emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, embedded systems, and mobile application development. The goal of the proposed system is to optimize parking space usage, reduce traffic congestion, and provide real-time information to drivers about available parking spaces. The system is designed to be user-friendly, scalable, and adaptable to various environments such as shopping malls, office complexes, hospitals, universities, and public parking lots. At the core of the system is an IoT-based architecture that employs a network of sensors, microcontrollers, and wireless communication protocols to monitor and transmit real-time data about parking space occupancy. Ultrasonic or infrared sensors are placed in each parking slot to detect the presence or absence of a vehicle. These sensors are connected to a central processing unit, typically based on low-cost microcontrollers such as Arduino or Raspberry Pi, which aggregates data and transmits it to a cloud-based server. This centralized data repository processes incoming data and updates the status of each parking slot in real-time.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI), Natural Language Processing (NLP), Conversational Agents, Chatbots, Interactive Dialogue Systems, Context-Aware Systems, Intent Recognition, Entity Extraction, Sentiment Analysis, Emotion Detection, Transformer Models (BERT, GPT, etc.), Deep Learning, Machine Learning (ML), Natural Language Understanding (NLU), Natural Language Generation (NLG), Reinforcement Learning, Multimodal Interaction (Voice/Text), Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Smart Digital Assistan

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ABSTRACT Background:Shukra Dhatu, the seventh tissue (dhatu) in Ayurvedic physiology, represents the most refined reproductive essence crucial for fertility and vitality. Objective biomarkers correlating classical ShukraDhatu assessment with modern reproductive health parameters remain underdeveloped. Objective: To systematically review the correlation between AshtaShukraDushti and modern semen analysis parameters, evaluate the development of composite scoring systems, validate hormonal and biochemical markers, and propose standardized diagnostic protocols for ShukraDhatu assessment. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, incorporating classical textual analysis with modern research findings. Databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, and Ayurvedic literature repositories from 2013-2025. Meta-analysis was performed where sufficient homogeneous studies existed, with narrative review for limited quantitative data. Results: Analysis of 248 patients across 14 studies revealed significant correlations between specific Shukra Dushti types and measurable semen parameters. Vataja Shukra Dushti correlated with oligozoospermia (r=0.72, p<0.001), while Kaphaja Dushti showed strong association with asthenozoospermia (r=0.68, p<0.01). Composite scoring systems integrating classical assessment with modern parameters demonstrated improved diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity 87%, specificity 82%) compared to conventional methods alone. Conclusions: Integration of classical Ayurvedic Shukra Dhatu assessment with modern biomarkers offers a comprehensive approach to reproductive health evaluation. Standardized diagnostic protocols incorporating both paradigms show promise for personalized fertility management.

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Shukra Dhatu; biomarkers; Ashta Shukra Dushti; semen analysis; composite scoring; reproductive health; Ayurveda

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The paper presents a critical analysis of how the Feminist re-telling of Indian mythologies by Kavita Kane reconfigured the marginalised women, namely, Uruvi, Urmila, Menaka, Surpanakha, and Ahalya, in a manner that allowed the latter to re-negotiate the sources of identity and power in the patriarchal formations. It attempts to highlight how the discourses of feminism in India are challenged by the narratives produced by Kane, and to expand feminist literary debates in India. A thematic and textual, as well as a qualitative analysis, was used. Karna Wife: The Outcast Queen, Sita Wife: The Sister of Karna, Lanka Wife: Princess of Lanka, Menaka Wife: The Choice of Awakening, and Ahalya Wife: The Awakening are 5 of the books by Kane that were chosen intentionally and used as main texts. The two frames of analysis were close reading and feminist criticism, respectively, and academic articles and critical reviews, respectively, helped in justifying close reading. Agency, resistance, silence, autonomy, and intersectionality of gender, caste, and morality were coded and analyzed as themes. The discussion shows that Kane heroines cross or bend down the traditional archetypes associated with submissive female or demonised women by exercising agency through silence, intelligence, emotional resiliency, and political power. Rather than strengthening binary ideas of what are perceived as ideal and fallen women, Kane remakes them as non-stereotyped, morally ambiguous individuals who challenge the standards that the patriarchal system should maintain, but must operate within the framework of structural pressures. The mythological center upon which she migrated ceases to be the cult of men, and rather the multiple-dimensional human events where the voices, feelings, and ethical concerns of women become central. The study contributes to theory in the sense that it explicitly expands feminist literary treatment, to mythological re-telling, to demonstrate that myth can be turned into a living story space, within which gender can be renegotiated. In the performance as it actually is, it is a performance structure or a form of performance enactment by academic practitioners and students in which canonical works can be revisited in these non-canonical forms. It is a policy issue because it says that good-better-best policies must be put into something in order to modify feminist rewrites of mythology in school and in cultural production in order to render all this more gender-conscious and empowering in its imagery.

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 Keywords

Kavita Kane; Feminist retellings; Indian mythology; Women's agency; Patriarchal structures

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