Volume 13 | Issue 9

 Abstract

Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) offers controlled plasma levels, avoids first-pass metabolism, and improves patient compliance, but is limited by drugs' poor skin permeability. Microneedles (100-1000 ?m) provide a minimally invasive approach to broaden TDD to diverse therapeutics. This review summarizes microneedle materials, fabrication, characterization, and applications in drug delivery, vaccines, diagnostics, and cosmetics. Key challenges remain in achieving sustained release, therapeutic efficacy, and scalable manufacturing. Microneedles represent a versatile platform with significant potential to transform biomedical delivery systems, warranting further technological and clinical advancements.

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 Keywords

Transdermal drug delivery, Microneedles, Drug permeation, Vaccine delivery, Intradermal administration, Fabrication techniques, Biomedical applications, Sustained release, Patient compliance

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Physical activity, recreational sports as well as competitive sports affect the individual body. Changes that happen under training are mainly connected to the adaptation process of body to specific form of activity. But on the other hand, changes that may be observed may lead to body functioning deregulations' that may affect health of sportsmen. The majority of the changes are being observed mostly in the functioning of the female body system, in spite of the fact that they are not gender specific. In women, the undesirable effect of intensive training and heavy training loads may be inhibition of sexual maturation, extraction of the menstrual cycle and its irregularity, as well as resolution of the reproductive system function. That's why the understanding of gender specific changes are so important for the sportsmen and trainers to understand what may be observed during training and what it may lead to. The aim of this work was to show the basic differences between genders physical fitness growth observed during body development and physical training.

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Gender, Human Body, Health Maturation, Physical, Training and System

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Background: Chronic airway inflammation and elevated airway hyperresponsiveness, which cause wheezing, coughing, and dyspnea, are hallmarks of bronchial asthma. Numerous environmental and genetic factors are implicated. The knowledge and evidence on the combined effect of Naturopathy and yoga on bronchial asthma is limited. The purpose of this study was to assess how yoga's naturopathic benefits would lessen bronchial asthma..Materials and Methods: Sree Ramakrishna Medical College of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences and Hospital, situated in Kulasekharam, Tamil Nadu, India, is where the study was conducted. A single case study was presented. Verbal consent was obtained when the goal of the study was explained. Over the course of 21 days, the investigation was carried out. The six-minute walk test, the rate of perceived exertion (RPE), the rate of perceived dyspnea (RPD), and the recording of frequent symptom changes are the parameters of the study. Results:The data analysis was conducted using JASP software version 0.95.0. It is clear that a significant decrease in bronchial asthma was achieved by the combination of naturopathy and yoga treatments. The combined naturopathic and yoga therapies clearly reduced the symptoms of exertion (RPE) (t 6.776, p-value < 0.001) and dyspnea (RPD) (t 7.266, p-value < 0.001). Conclusion: Given the benefits of the therapies that yoga and naturopathy offer, it would be prudent to add them to conventional treatment regimens in order to efficiently manage bronchial asthma symptoms and reduce the side effects of drug use. Yoga and naturopathy utilize a lifestyle that integrates diet, yoga, and naturopathic practices to prevent and treat bronchial asthma by reducing its underlying cause.

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 Keywords

Bronchial asthma, Breathlessness, Breathing difficulty,Wheezing,Mucus hyper secretion,Airway inflammation.

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Abstact: This paper examines the innovative marketing strategies employed by various brands during the Mahakumbh, the world's largest religious gathering. The event, occurring once every 12 years, presents a unique opportunity for businesses to engage with millions of diverse attendees. The study highlights how companies have adapted their approaches to align with the spiritual and cultural significance of the Mahakumbh, moving beyond traditional marketing methods to create immersive, culturally relevant experiences. The research showcases several standout campaigns that blend faith with purpose-led marketing, including initiatives focused on health, hygiene, sustainability, and community service. These strategies demonstrate how brands are leveraging the Mahakumbh's vast scale and deeply ingrained traditions to make meaningful connections with consumers while also contributing to social good. The paper illustrates how this spiritual event has become a platform for experimentation in marketing, allowing businesses to develop innovative campaigns that integrate commerce with cultural sensitivity and social responsibility.

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 Keywords

Mahakumbh, Innovative marketing strategies, Brand engagement, Purpose-led marketing, Consumer connections, Experimentation in marketing

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 Abstract

Abstract Background: Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) infection is a common global health concern linked to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. Eradication regimens have evolved over the decades due to growing antibiotic resistance. While the standard triple therapy has long been the first-line treatment, its efficacy has diminished in many regions. Bismuth-based therapies, including triple and quadruple combinations, have gained attention due to their broader activity against resistant strains. Its implementation could significantly improve treatment outcomes, reduce recurrence, and serve as a more effective first-line strategy in regions with high antibiotic resistance. Objective: The objective of the article is to systematically review and compare the efficacy of Bismuth-Based Triple Therapy vs. Standard Triple Therapy for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Methods: A thorough search of the literature was done for research published between 2000 and 2024 using PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. We considered prospective, observational, and randomized controlled trials that compared BT with ST in patients with H. pylori infection who had not received therapy. The results of safety, antibiotic resistance profiles, and eradication rates (both intention-to-treat and per-protocol) were significant. Conclusion: In terms of eradication success, bismuth-based triple therapy is superior than normal triple therapy and had to be chosen, particularly in areas with significant resistance. Adding vonoprazan or customized regimens increases efficacy. Future recommendations had to support first-line treatments tailored to a given location and take resistance trends into account.

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Bismuth based, GI Infection, Resistance, H.pylori, vonoprazan.

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In the age of data-driven enterprises, metadata lineage frameworks have emerged as a critical enabler for effective data governance, regulatory compliance, and trust-building within analytical ecosystems. This review synthesized key academic and industry insights around metadata lineage concepts, current tools, architectural designs, and experimental benchmarks. Findings indicate that while several commercial and open-source platforms offer lineage functionality, challenges persist in automation, semantic depth, real-time coverage, and integration across hybrid environments. By introducing a five-layer theoretical model and evaluating lineage tools across performance, compliance, and usability, this review provides a structured understanding for organizations striving to improve governance maturity. The paper also outlines future opportunities in AI-enhanced lineage detection, cross-platform interoperability, and sustainability-aware data governance.

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Metadata lineage, data governance, data catalog, regulatory compliance, data observability, open lineage, graph-based lineage, data mesh, hybrid architecture, enterprise metadata management.

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Time Series Forecasting, ARIMA, SARIMA, LSTM, Profit Prediction, Financial Analytics, Deep Learning, MAE, RMSE.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Emotional suppression is a common coping mechanism where individuals consciously inhibit their emotional expressions. While it may serve as a temporary response to distressing stimuli, sustained suppression has been linked to adverse physical health outcomes. This review explores the relationship between emotional suppression and physical illnesses through a data-driven lens. By synthesizing findings from psychological research and integrating them with machine learning-based data analysis, we aim to reveal correlations between repressed emotions and chronic health conditions. Several studies indicate that prolonged emotional suppression may elevate risks for cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune disorders, and gastrointestinal problems due to the persistent activation of stress pathways. Using a variety of health datasets and psychological scales, this study employs supervised learning techniques to analyse emotional suppression patterns and their physiological consequences. The findings support the hypothesis that repressed emotions manifest in physical symptoms over time. This review concludes with a discussion on the importance of addressing emotional well-being in healthcare and the need for further interdisciplinary research using emotional-physiological datasets.

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Emotion, Suppression, Health

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This study investigates the impact of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption on the value relevance of accounting information in Indian pharmaceutical companies. Using a comparative analysis of pre(2012-2016) and post(2017-2021)IFRS periods, the research evaluates both market-based measures--market price per share (MPS), earnings per share (EPS), and value of shares traded (VOS)--and accounting-based indicators such as book value per share (BVPS), profit after tax (PAT), and net cash flow from investing activities (NCFIA). Paired sample t-tests and effect size analysis were employed to assess changes in these variables. The findings reveal that IFRS adoption did not significantly influence MPS, EPS, or NCFIA, indicating negligible effects on market prices, earnings, and investment-related cash flows. In contrast, BVPS showed a significant improvement with a medium effect size, demonstrating enhanced relevance of book values under IFRS. VOS experienced a significant decline, suggesting reduced market activity following adoption. PAT displayed a medium-to-large effect, but the reliability of this result is limited due to the small sample size. The study concludes that IFRS adoption has strengthened the relevance of accounting-based measures, particularly BVPS, while its impact on market-based indicators remains limited or inconsistent in the pharmaceutical sector. The results emphasize the need for greater awareness, consistent implementation, and improved investor understanding to fully realize the benefits of IFRS.

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IFRS adoption, value relevance, accounting information, pharmaceutical Sector

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Since the construction industry has high emission rates and resource demanding rate, whose effect on the environment is tremendous in a destructive sense, there is need of sustainable building materials. One of the potential options to reduce air pollution and promote self-cleaning materials is adding photocatalytic component to cementitious ones. The photocatalytic capabilities, affordability, and durability of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)under visible light makes the breakdown of airborne contaminants possible, as it is a polymeric semiconductor that has gained attention towards its use as building materials. Moreover, in addition to the sustainability of the material, the use of glass powder as an additional cementitious component created through recovered waste glass enhances the durability and the mechanical properties of the material by reducing waste. Photocatalytic mortar is manufactured out of glass powder and g-C3N4 and it fits in low-light urban conditions as it removes pollutants and enhances the performance of materials. The study ascertains the potential of the materials through examination of the mechanical and environmental properties of the hybrid materials to be applied in sustainable building applications.

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Glass Powder, g-C3N4, Mortar, Strength

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Objective: This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the competitive strategies and market dynamics in the pharmaceutical industry of Bangladesh. Given the rapid growth and evolving landscape of this sector, the study seeks to understand the key factors driving competition and market behavior in this context. Methodology: The review employs a systematic literature analysis approach, sourcing data from various academic databases, industry reports, and government publications. Keywords such as "pharmaceutical industry," "Bangladesh," "market dynamics "and" competitive strategies" were used to gather relevant literature from the past decade. The selection process prioritized peer-reviewed articles, industry analysts, and reports focusing on the Bangladeshi market. Results: The findings highlight a dynamic market characterized by aggressive competition, innovation, and regulatory challenges. Key themes include the prevalence of generic drug production, strategies for market entry and expansion, and the impact of global integration on local manufacturers. The study also delves into the diverse marketing tactics employed by companies, the role of technological advancements, and the shifting regulatory landscape. Conclusion: The pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh is at a critical juncture, with immense growth potential tempered by significant challenges. The review suggests that for companies to succeed, they must navigate a complex array of market dynamics, including regulatory compliance, innovation, and adaptation to global market trends. The findings of this study have implications for industry stakeholders and policymakers, offering insights for strategic decision-making and policy formulation. Additionally, the study identifies areas for future research, particularly in the context of emerging global challenges and opportunities in the pharmaceutical sector.

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Pharmaceuticals Industry, Competitive strategies, Market dynamics, Bangladesh

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 Abstract

Earned Value Management (EVM) is a sophisticated project management approach that gives a complete picture of how a project is doing by looking at three main areas: scope, schedule, and cost together. Unlike older ways of tracking projects that deal with budget or time separately, EVM brings these together into one system. It measures how much work has actually been done compared to what was planned, helping managers see if a project is on track or if there are problems that need fixing. At the heart of EVM are three main values: Planned Value (PV), which is the budget for the work that was supposed to be done; Earned Value (EV), which shows the value of the work that has actually been completed; and Actual Cost (AC), which is the real money spent on the work done. By comparing these, EVM creates metrics like the Cost Performance Index (CPI) and Schedule Performance Index (SPI). These help to show if a project is staying within budget and on schedule, and they give useful information about whether action is needed to keep things on track. However, to make EVM work well, you need careful planning, accurate data, and a clear understanding of what the project is supposed to achieve. If you set up the baseline wrong, or if data isn't recorded properly, or if people resist using this method, it can lead to problems. So, training and good processes are important for making the most out of EVM. EVM is used in many different fields, like construction, defence, aerospace, IT, and manufacturing, where projects are complex and need tight control over costs and timelines. The ability of EVM to integrate different parts of project performance makes it especially useful in situations where changes to the project scope and budget constraints are common. This paper looks into the basics of EVM, showing how it turns raw data into useful performance measures. It also talks about the challenges people face when using EVM and suggests ways to overcome them. Through examples and industry cases, the paper shows how EVM helps make projects more successful by improving delivery, reducing risks, and helping with better decision-making.

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 Keywords

Project Progress, EVM, Schedule overruns, Cost Overruns, Schedule Variance, Cost Variance.

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This article Hypolipidemic And Anti-Atherogenic looks at how certain medicinal plants can help lower high levels of fats in the blood, which is useful for treating lipid-related issues. It explains how these plants work at a biochemical level to manage fats in the body. The review also shares real-life uses of these plants and how well they work for treating high lipid levels. It includes evidence from studies done on people. For each plant, there is a detailed look at how safe it is and what possible side effects might occur. Looking ahead, the article suggests that more research is needed, including better human studies, clear dosing guidelines, and combining these plants with healthy lifestyle changes. In last few decades, WHO assembly passed several aspects in response to resurgence of interest in the study and use of traditional herbal medicines and in recognition of importance of medicinal plant to primary health care of people in many developing countries. Plants are rich source of secondary metabolites such as tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids etc. which have been implicated for several therapeutics activities. Now days, large number of drugs are derived from plants involving multi-disciplinary approach by combining botanical phytochemical and biological techniques. The medicinal plants have several important advantages for their therapeutic uses in a variety of ailment that is safe in addition being economical, effectiveness and ease of availability. Medicinal plants have the potential to be a natural, effective, and safer way to treat lipid problems and help with obesity around the world.

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Hyperlipidemia, Cardiovascular disease, LDL-C, HDL-C, Antihyperglycemic

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This paper attempts to explore the philosophies underlying the concept of travel over the centuries and their interpretation in literature and thought across different cultures; however, the focus of this paper is not on travel writing. Human beings travel for a wide variety of reasons, ranging from economic betterment, escape from political persecution, better academic and professional prospects, tourism and pilgrimage etc. Globalisation and technological advances in last hundred years have accelerated this process manifold. However, this is a well-established trope in the literature of most cultures, and travel has been represented in range of ways in ancient legends and texts as well as texts written in recent years.

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travel, wandering, philosophy of travel, travel in ancient world, The Odyssey

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Diabetes Prediction, Machine Learning, Ontology, PIMA Indian Dataset, SWRL, SVM, Classification.

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Railway stations are high-traffic environments prone to safety incidents ranging from equipment failures to passenger-related emergencies. Efficient analysis and management of such incidents are crucial for improving operational safety, reducing risk, and informing preventive strategies. This paper presents an unsupervised learning-based approach for extracting actionable insights from unstructured accident logs recorded in railway stations. Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques are applied to clean, preprocess, and vectorize textual incident reports. The core of the methodology involves applying Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) for topic modeling and K-Means clustering for grouping similar incidents. Dimensionality reduction is achieved using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to enhance interpretability and visualization. The resulting system enables the identification of recurring safety issues, latent risk factors, and thematic clusters of incidents. A lightweight Streamlit web interface is also developed to support interactive exploration of incident categories and their severity levels. The proposed unsupervised pipeline facilitates effective monitoring and analysis of safety events in complex transit environments without relying on labeled data, offering significant value for railway safety departments and decision-makers.

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Unsupervised Learning, Topic Modeling, K-Means Clustering, LDA, Railway Safety, NLP, Streamlit.

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A revolutionary approach to teacher preparation that meets the changing needs of education in the future is the Integrated Teacher Education Program (ITEP). Through the seamless integration of pedagogical theories, subject knowledge and practical experience into a curriculum this study critically investigates the role of ITEP in developing qualified future-ready educators. By enhancing pedagogical and professional competencies ITEP prepares teachers to meet the changing demands of education in the future. This study evaluates how well the program prepares educators for new issues like student diversity digital integration and interdisciplinary learning. In order to comprehend the programs, influence on instructional strategies and conformity to international educational standards. It also examines the opinions of stakeholders such as administrators' legislators and teachers. This study which uses a qualitative research methodology collects data through in-depth interviews and thematic analysis of academic literature policy documents and educators and administrators' first-hand experiences. Results show that ITEP bridges the gap between classroom practice and theoretical knowledge by promoting holistic teacher development. Participants emphasize how it supports reflective instruction flexibility in digital learning settings and conformity to international standards for education. The need for ongoing curriculum improvement and institutional implementation barriers however continues to be obstacles. In order to ensure that ITEP is successful in preparing teachers for the future of learning this study highlights its potential to transform teacher education and advocates for strategic policy improvements.

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Integrated Teacher Education Program, Future Education, Teacher Competency, Pedagogical Innovation

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This paper presents a comprehensive Philological analysis tool using AI designed to assist the learners, people who want to gain knowledge of Sanskrit and Proto Dravidian languages. Language is the base of communication and for gaining knowledge. Knowledge that has been used by our ancestors and to know the different concepts, and techniques that were used for solving a particular problem. To see about Sanskrit as we know that it was the language that was mostly used for documentation of the ideas as well as to transfer knowledge from generation to generation over the period of time. One of the speciality is that the language is versatile and is simple to use in that period of time. As the time passed, many languages have evolved from Sanskrit and have given foundation for the present languages in use. The information was stored in the palm leaves and other format as years pass they will be damaged. The another language that we will be dealing is Proto Dravidian language that was basically used in 2500BC around this time. The Proto Dravidian language is an old language that was used in the ancient times and in the present world we can't find the speakers of this language. Due to the gap in the time period. From this language the south Indian languages has evolved over time like Telugu, Tamil, etc. Now, to look back to the origin language will be a huge task for collecting the data as well as to understand it and will be challenging to work on this project so that we can explore the concepts and ideas of the past. In this project we are tried to use the tools of AI in which NLP(Natural Language Processing) is the correct concept with other sub fields of AI. AI is booming in this era and one of the important field for language translation. Translation of Sanskrit and Proto Dravidian languages to English is the main task will be done in this project work for the users to know the meaning and concepts of the past and gain insights of the culture. AI is very much helpful in performing task based on training data and testing data to evaluate the model of the project. This project is helpful when people want to know the information without explicitly learning the language. The process of learning language is not taken as a priority in the work because many people may or may not know the language and gaining knowledge is for everyone and should not be restricted by language boundary. For new learners and people who want to gain knowledge without learning the language can rely on AI for this task of language translation.

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Sanskrit, Artificial Intelligence, Natural Language Processing, Optical Character Recognition, Proto Dravidian language

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The condition of women in Afghanistan is complex and varies across different regimes, yet it is predominantly marked by subservience to patriarchal structures. Khaled Hosseini's A Thousand Splendid Suns offers a vivid depiction of women's experiences as power dynamics shift. This paper analyzes the stereotypical images of Afghan women and examines how the author addresses these representations. A close scrutiny of the novel reveals instances where the author conforms to prevailing prejudices. The portrayal of Afghan women as passive and powerless often elicits sympathy and a sense of responsibility from readers. However, studies indicate Afghan women have actively participated in Afghanistan's reconstruction and are not as helpless as the novel implies. Still, Hosseini's narrative includes redeeming moments, such as Laila securing employment and contributing to Afghanistan's rebuilding.

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Women, Afghanistan, New Historicism

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

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Diabetes mellitus, Structured Teaching Programme, Knowledge, Prevention, Complications.

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