Volume 13 | Issue 9

 Abstract

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Rapid urbanisation, population growth, and changing consumption patterns have resulted in a substantial increase in municipal solid waste generation worldwide. While solid waste management (SWM) has conventionally been addressed as a sector-specific urban service focused on collection, treatment, and disposal, growing scientific evidence suggests that improperly managed solid waste exerts far-reaching environmental impacts that extend well beyond disposal sites. In particular, interactions between solid waste, landfill leachate, urban wastewater systems, stormwater runoff, and surface water bodies create complex and often under-recognised pollution pathways. These interactions are especially pronounced in cities of developing regions, where inadequate waste segregation, poorly engineered landfills, limited wastewater treatment capacity, and dense drainage networks coexist. This integrated review synthesises existing literature on the formation and evolution of landfill leachate, its chemical and biological characteristics, and the mechanisms by which solid waste-derived contaminants are transferred into urban wastewater and surface water systems. The role of hydrological processes, including runoff, drainage connectivity, and seasonal rainfall, is examined as a critical driver of pollutant mobilisation and transport. The review further analyses the cumulative impacts of these interconnected pathways on surface water quality, aquatic ecosystems, and public health. By bridging disciplinary boundaries between solid waste management, wastewater engineering, hydrology, and urban environmental governance, this paper argues for a transition from sectoral waste management toward integrated urban environmental management frameworks. Key research gaps and policy implications are identified, highlighting the need for coordinated planning and governance to mitigate the growing burden of urban aquatic pollution.

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Solid waste management; landfill leachate; urban wastewater; runoff; surface water pollution; integrated environmental management

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The COVID-19 pandemic placed extraordinary demands on healthcare systems, with female nurses in India occupying a critical frontline position. The objective of this article is to examine the nature of work, occupational risks, and resilience of female nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic in India, with particular attention to their physical, psychological, and social challenges. Methodologically, the study is based on a qualitative review and sociological analysis of Primary and secondary data, including field work data, peer-reviewed journal articles, government publications, and reports from national and international health organizations related to nursing experiences during COVID-19 in India. Relevant literature was systematically analyzed to identify recurring themes concerning workload, risk exposure, mental health, gendered responsibilities, and coping mechanisms. The findings indicate that female nurses experienced intensified workloads, heightened risk of infection, psychological distress, burnout, social stigma, and difficulties in balancing professional and family roles. Despite these challenges, nurses displayed significant resilience through professional commitment, peer support, adaptive coping strategies, and limited institutional interventions. The study underscores the importance of gender-sensitive policies, improved occupational safety, and sustained psychosocial support to strengthen the nursing workforce during future public health emergencies.

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COVID-19, frontline healthcare workers, occupational risk, resilience, psychosocial stress, coping mechanisms

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The role of socio-economic status and family in child development Study

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The role of socio-economic status and family in child development Study

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As Agile methodologies dominate modern software development, the product backlog remains the cornerstone of iterative planning and delivery. However, traditional backlog management often relies heavily on subjective judgment, leading to inefficiencies in prioritization, estimation, and sprint planning. This review explores the emergence of AI-augmented product backlogs, focusing on how machine learning, natural language processing, and predictive analytics enhance the sprint planning process. Through theoretical models, architectural frameworks, experimental results, and real-world case studies, this paper highlights the transformative potential of AI in Agile practices. While AI brings significant gains in planning accuracy and efficiency, it also presents challenges in explainability, trust, and ethical adoption. The review concludes by identifying critical future research directions and emphasizing the need for human-centric, interpretable, and continuously learning systems in AI-augmented Agile environments.

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AI-Augmented Product Backlogs, Agile Software Development, Sprint Planning, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Predictive Analytics, Agile Automation, Human-in-the-loop, Backlog Prioritization, Agile Tool Integration.

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This paper explores Chetan Bhagat's role as a defining voice in contemporary Indian English literature, analyzing his language, narrative style, and cultural impact. Bhagat has transformed the landscape of Indian fiction by making English accessible to mass audiences through his simplified style, often described as "English like Hindi." His works resonate with the aspirations and anxieties of India's middle-class youth, reflecting themes such as academic struggles, inter-caste relationships, gender dynamics, and the challenges of neoliberal society. Unlike earlier Indian English writers who catered to global or elite readerships, Bhagat deliberately writes for the masses, embedding everyday speech, humor, satire, and relatable themes into his novels. His fast-paced, cinematic storytelling style ensures wide appeal, while film adaptations further amplify his cultural presence. This study also situates Bhagat within the rise of commercial fiction in India, highlighting his influence on emerging writers and popular culture. His work demonstrates the indigenization of English literature by blending global forms with local contexts, while his public persona as a columnist and motivational speaker extends his influence beyond literature into media and politics. Despite criticism for oversimplification and commercialization, Bhagat's contributions cannot be dismissed; his works democratize Indian English fiction, ensuring that it speaks to ordinary readers while reflecting broader cultural shifts. The paper argues that Bhagat's language and narrative style mark him as both a cultural icon and a literary trendsetter, bridging the divide between high literature and popular fiction in twenty-first-century India.

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Chetan Bhagat's, Middle-Class Youth, Inter-Caste Relationships, Gender Dynamics and Neoliberal Society

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India now leads other nations when it comes to climate governance by fighting for just treatment of the environment both inside and outside the Global South. This paper investigates how India leads in fighting climate change using its local policies and international partnerships while creating environmentally sustainable development. This research studies the climate change targets that India promised under the Paris Agreement and NAPCC plus its growing stake in international climate talks. The later part studies how ISA PMUY and FAME serve India's green power aims. The study uses a qualitative method that depends on secondary scholarly and policy materials. The study shows that India deals with multiple difficulties such as combining economic progress with environmental protection when finding money and making effective climate rules work nationwide. Through this study, India proves its important position in both South-South and North-South climate partnerships by raising green funding and pushing for fair climate policies. India's climate justice leadership in years ahead counts on developing stronger home rules and policies and working with both domestic and international partners to create and secure renewable energy solutions. The study shows that long-term climate diplomacy will allow India to lead globally and make environmental justice available to its citizens.

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Environmental justice, climate diplomacy, renewable energy, climate finance, sustainable development.

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Financial literacy has emerged as a vital life skill, particularly for young adults who are beginning their financial journeys in an era of rapid market changes, digital platforms, and widespread misinformation. This study investigates the influence of financial literacy on the investment decisions of young investors in Bhopal, India. Using a structured questionnaire administered to 120 respondents aged 18-30, the research analyses levels of awareness, preferred investment avenues, and risk tolerance, employing descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests to assess associations between age and investment behaviour. The findings reveal that while awareness of investment options is relatively high, actual participation remains modest. Mutual funds and fixed deposits dominate portfolios, reflecting a preference for low- to medium-risk instruments, whereas cryptocurrencies and other volatile assets attract limited interest. Although no statistically significant relationship is found between age and investment behaviour, the results suggest that financial literacy enhances confidence, diversification, and the use of digital investment tools. The study contributes to commerce literature by providing an empirical snapshot of youth investing in an Indian context and highlights the persistent gap between financial knowledge and investment action. It recommends a twin-track approach: integrating financial education into academic curricula and designing youth-centric financial products that encourage responsible participation in markets.

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Financial literacy; Investment behaviors; Risk perception; Youth; India; Commerce; Fintech

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This Research study seeks to explore the ways of traditional and digital trade channels are merging, the flexible technical innovations and breakthroughs in form of artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies are advancing, the obstacles these emergences are causing to the business enterprises, consumers, and regulatory bodies. To bridge the gap, the study attempts to connect by providing an analysis of the implications of digitalization on business, the role of revolutionary technologies and shifting of consumer preferences and the challenges faced by the merchants

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: Artificial Intelligence (Ai), Blockchain, New emerging trends in commerce, -Commerce, Digital Commerce.

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When a star dies, it becomes a gateway to the most extreme frontiers of physics. Its remnants--white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes--are not just stellar corpses, but natural laboratories that expose the limits of classical and quantum mechanics. This paper aims to (1) offer a clear, intuitive understanding of the physics behind each end state with minimal reliance on mathematics, and (2) men- tion key research and observations shaping modern astrophysical thought.

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Stars, gateways, quantum mechanics, astrophysical

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QR codes have become a widespread means for conveying URLS and other information in a quick, scannable format. However, this convenience has also created ways for cyber threats, where attackers embed malicious URLs that lead to phishing sites, malware downloads or other harmful content. This project presents a Malicious QR detection Module that uses machine learning to assess the safety of the URLs embedded within the QR codes. By extracting and analysing embedded URLs, the system classifies QR codes as either malicious or non-malicious based on learned patterns associated with cyber threats. The URL is normalized; features are extracted and vectorized such that a trained model can detect indicators of compromise and can enhance user security by warning against unsafe links before engagement.

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QR Code Security, Malicious URL Detection, Machine Learning, XGBoost, Real-time QR Scanning, Feature Extraction, TF-IDF Vectorization, URL Classification.

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This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an informational booklet on the knowledge, attitude, and prevalence of risk factors regarding breast cancer among womenaged20-50yearsinselectedcollegesinBhopal.Apre-experimental,one-group pre-test post-test design was used, and 250 women were selected through purposive sampling. The study evaluated the impact of the informational booklet in improving awareness and identified associations between knowledge levels and demographic variables. The results indicated a significant increase in knowledge after the intervention. The studyalso found associations between age at menarche and the pre- test level of knowledge. The findings emphasize the role of informational booklets in enhancing knowledge about breast cancer and suggest practical applications for nursing education and health promotion.

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Breast Cancer, Informational Booklet, Knowledge, Attitude, Risk Factors, Women, Health Education, Awareness, Pre-test, Post-test, Nursing Education

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In the 21st century, there has been a massive revolution in the educational sector with the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and the internet worldwide. The main objective of this study was to explore the perception of D.El.Ed. pupil teachers on implementation of blended learning at the elementary level with respect to their gender and locality. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among seventy D.El.Ed. pupil teachers (academic year: 2023-25) from different training colleges in the North 24 PGS district of West Bengal. The study used self-administered questionnaire (5-point Likert scale) which consist of two sections, section-A seeks socio-demographic information of the respondents and section-B covers 20 statements with 5-point likert scale [Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Neutral (N), Disagree (D), and Strongly Disagree (SD)] about perception on implementation of blended learning at elementary level . Content validity of the tool was done through experts' judgment. The collected data were analyzed statistically using descriptive statistics and t-test. From this study, it was found that most of the pupil teachers have a favorable attitude towards blended learning. From the result of this study, it was also found that there was no statistically significant mean difference in perception on implementation of blended learning at the elementary level among the D.El.Ed. pupil teachers with respect to their gender and locality.

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Blended learning, Perception, Pupil teachers, Elementary level

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Urdu Afsana

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Afsana

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This paper explores the impact of social media on the price volatility of memecoins, a subset of cryptocurrencies known for their viral, community-driven appeal rather than fundamental utility. While previous research has primarily focused on Dogecoin and celebrity endorsements, this study expands the scope by analyzing lesser-known memecoins such as $MOTHER, $TRUMP, Keikus Maximus, and Shiba Inu. This study compares historical price data from websites like CoinGecko and Investing.com with tweets from well-known individuals like Elon Musk, Donald Trump, and Iggy Azalea. Before and after particular posts, the price movements of memecoins such $MOTHER, $TRUMP, Keikus Maximus, and Shiba Inu were monitored, and percentage changes were computed to evaluate the short-term volatility caused by social media activity. Findings reveal a strong correlation between influencer-driven social media activity and short-term price spikes, with Elon Musk emerging as the most impactful individual. The study also highlights the role of online communities and meme culture in creating price volatility through organic, collective action, independent of direct celebrity promotion. These insights underscore the speculative nature of memecoin markets and the power of digital influence in shaping financial behavior.

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Cryptocurrency

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This study explores the importance of cyber hygiene awareness and threat modelling in higher educational institutions. With increased digitalization, universities face growing cyber risks due to weak infrastructure, user unawareness, and role- specific gaps in security behaviour. Drawing insights from research papers, the review highlights that faculty often have higher cybersecurity awareness than staff, generic training is less effective, and institutions are vulnerable to threats like phishing and ransomware. The analysis also emphasizes the need for interactive, role-based training and institutional accountability. The paper concludes by recommending a tailored threat modelling framework to enhance cyber resilience in academic environments

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Cyber Hygiene, Threat modelling, Higher education, Cybersecurity Awareness, Role-Based Training

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Tenancy farming and sharecropping constitute essential yet often neglected facets of Indian agriculture. A significant portion of agriculture in Odisha is done by landless and marginal farmers via leasing or sharecropping arrangements. Despite their contribution, these farmers remain excluded from institutional loans, crop insurance, procurement systems, and welfare programs owing to the lack of permanent land titles. This article examines Odisha's tenancy policy framework and the consequences of reforms through a mixed-method approach, incorporating policy analysis, secondary data, workshop contributions, and field investigations. It juxtaposes the viewpoints of tenant farmers with changing legislative measures to underscore advancements and enduring disparities. The research analyses the 2016 Model Land Leasing Act and state measures like KALIA, BALARAM, and reforms in paddy procurement. Evidence from Ratanpur, Niali Block, Cuttack, indicates that although Odisha has implemented novel credit and welfare mechanisms, institutional impediments, especially informal tenancy and insufficient understanding of schemes, persistently hinder inclusion.

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Tenant farmers, Sharecroppers, Agricultural tenancy, Land leasing reforms, Informal leasing, Concealed tenancy, Inclusive agrarian policy, Odisha

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Like other branches of Bengali fiction, the detective story branch has shed its dull past and established itself in mainstream literature. Recently, prominent writers from other genres have also started writing in this genre. Notably, Sasthipada Chattopadhyay is widely recognized in Bengali literature as a juvenile writer. He is calm, simple, and lively. His literary work and life flow in the same direction. He gained recognition mainly through the creation of the juvenile detective story 'Pandav Goenda'. This article explores the concept behind writing 'Pandav Goenda' and its sources of inspiration. It also mentions Khirod Chandra Majumdar and English writer Enid Blyton in the magazine 'Shuktara', edited by him. Essentially, it discusses the background or source context of Sasthipada Chattopadhyay's juvenile detective story, 'Pandav Goenda'.

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Khirod Chandra Majumdar, Shuktara Magazine, Enid Blyton, Juvenile Detective Story, Pandab Goenda, Source Context, Writing Concept.

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EIGHTH-GRADE STUDENTS HAVE TROUBLE MEASURING ANGLES.

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EIGHTH-GRADE STUDENTS HAVE TROUBLE MEASURING ANGLES.

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Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common nutritional deficiency among pregnant women, particularly in India. While oral iron supplementation is a standard treatment for IDA, it can cause gastrointestinal toxicity, affecting patient compliance. This study compares the efficacy and safety of two commonly used iron supplements--ferrous sulphate and ferrous ascorbate--in pregnant women with anemia.

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Iron deficiency anemia, pregnancy, ferrous sulphate, ferrous ascorbate, hemoglobin, serum ferritin, adverse effects

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