Volume 13 | Issue 9

 Abstract

Youth mental health disparities in modern-day India are a product of the interplay of embedded social hierarchies with burgeoning digital realities. We present a comprehensive secondary data analysis that triangulates peer-reviewed academic literature, civil society reports, governmental reports, NGO reports, and statistics on cybercrime and cyber offenses from 2018-2025 to shed light on the sociopsychological basis of online discrimination and the implications to youth mental health. Results yielded higher prevalence rates of caste slurs (28%), gender harassment (34%), cyberbullying (29%) and hate speech - especially for marginalized youth; substantial declines in psychological outcomes for self-concept; trauma indicators including acute stress disorders seen at different levels; different coping strategies - heavily mediated by access to digital - urban youth having access to peered networks and rural or caste marginalized youth having close networks of family and traditions. We interpret these findings using sociopsychology with a social identity, stereotype threat, and social stress lens - how offline, deep-seated disparities will seek to reproduce or replicate in the online space - exclusions from an online space also become a mode of inequity that limits access to mental health resources and building resiliency. Triangulating the sociopsychological knowledge around youth and sociopsychological issues of digital equity provided urgency and an imperative for a converged action agenda for policy change - policy change is needed and will need strong, culture-specific legal frameworks.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

mental health disparities, online discrimination, casteism, cyberbullying, digital exclusion, India, youth mental health, social identity theory, trauma-informed care, digital equity, policy implications.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Nutraceutical lozenges, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Probiotics, Oral health, Natural antioxidants, Herbal formulation, Buccal drug delivery, Lozenges evaluation, Nutritional supplements, Antimicrobial activity

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Introduction: Arka Prakasha, an Ayurveda treatise authored by Lankapathi Ravana, systematically details the principles, preparation, and therapeutic applications of Arka Kalpana--an ancient pharmaceutical distillation technique notable for yielding potent, fast-acting liquid formulations. This review aims to elucidate the methodology of Arka preparation as outlined in Arka Prakasha and to explore its clinical relevance and application in Women's health. Methods: A comprehensive literature review on Arka Prakasha, Arka Kalpana techniques, and their utility in Prasuti Tantra Evum Stree Roga in conditions like Yoni Shoola, Pradara Roga, Rajo Rodha, Vipluta Yoni Vyapad etc. Results: Arka Kalpana formulations derived from Arka Prakasha exhibit enhanced bioavailability and potency due to the distillation process concentrating volatile active principles. These formulations demonstrate significant applications in Women's Health. Clinical studies indicate improved symptom relief, faster recovery, and favorable safety profiles compared to other dosage forms. The distillate form facilitates patient compliance through better palatability and decreased dosing volume. Discussion: Arka Prakasha's detailed pharmacognostic classification and methodical preparation techniques provide a robust framework for utilizing Arka Kalpana in Gynecological and Obstetric care. Its therapeutic advantages lie in targeted Dosha correction, rapid action, and reduced adverse effects. Integration of Arka Kalpana into modern Gynecological practice could provide holistic adjunct treatment options. Further large-scale clinical evaluation is the scope of Research.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Arka Prakasha, Arka Kalpana, Ayurvedic distillation, Prasuti Tantra, Stree Roga

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The postal department has been the strong foundation for the country's communication and also offers various financial services. Gradually, rather than providing communication services, post office provides many schemes for investment purpose. This paper investigated the factors influencing and awareness level of the investors about post office savings schemes in Erode district of Tamilnadu. Factors influencing investors have been analysed with the help of Garrett's Ranking Technique and awareness level of the investors about post office savings schemes were analysed using chi-square test. Primary data were collected from 474 sample investors through well - structured Interview Schedule. Data collected have been analysed using SPSS. It is found that 54% of the investors are having low level of awareness and 46% of the investors are having high level of awareness about post office savings schemes.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Post office savings schemes, Interest rate, financial inclusion and National savings certificate.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

India's 2005 shift to a product-patent regime fundamentally reshaped pharmaceutical innovation, pricing, and competition. This paper examines how patent rules particularly Sections 3(d), 84 (compulsory licensing), and 107A (Bolar exemption) affect firm behavior and public health outcomes, with a special focus on Andhra Pradesh (AP), a fast-growing pharmaceutical and med-tech hub anchored by Visakhapatnam's Jawaharlal Nehru Pharma City (JNPC), Divi's Laboratories' API facilities, and the Andhra Pradesh MedTech Zone (AMTZ). Using a mixed method doctrinal legal analysis + firm-level and cluster-level evidence we assess (i) patenting/launch patterns for APIs and formulations, (ii) spillovers on exports and employment, and (iii) access/affordability trade-offs. We interpret national precedents (e.g., Natco-Bayer compulsory licence) for their region-level implications, and map how AP's industrial policy and shared R&D/testing infrastructure mediate IPR effects. Findings aim to guide state and central decision-makers on balancing incentives for high-quality innovation with equitable access to medicines. Key recommendations include targeted R&D incentives in AP clusters, stronger Section 3(d) examination capacity, faster regulatory-IP coordination for generics under Section 107A, and cluster-wide IP facilitation cells within AMTZ/JNPC. (Key statutory anchors: Patents Act, 1970 as amended in 2005; Sections 3(d), 84, 107A.)

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Product patents; Section 3(d); Compulsory licensing; Bolar exemption; APIs; Generics; Visakhapatnam; JNPC; AMTZ; India

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The present study presents a multi-faceted understanding of consciousness-power (cicchakti), both from epistemological as well as metaphysical standpoints. From an epistemological standpoint, it (cicchakti) has been diversely portrayed, viz., 1) as the means of valid knowledge (pram??a), 2) as the valid cognition (pram?), and 3) as the knower (pram?t?). On the one hand, cicchakti, with reference to ?iva, is the fundamental force behind the manifestation of all the thirty-six tattvas, which results in the setting forth of the metaphysical foundation of the entire creation. On the other hand, cicchakti, with reference to the realm of an individual soul, is the primordial ?akti who bestows both the ability to act and the fruits corresponding to those actions as well. This study will conclude that cicchakti is of the nature of omniscience and omnipotence, and is present in both ?iva and j?va.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Cicchakti, Consciousness-power, Epistemology, ?aivaparibh???, ?aiva Siddh?nta

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Breast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer in women and is quite a number one cause of cancer death in the global context. Predicting patient survival is also important in enhancing patient outcomes by allowing certain assurance in predicting patient survival to assist in treatment planning. Traditional approaches to survival analysis, such as the Cox proportional hazards (CoxPH) model and Kaplan-Meier curves, have been widely employed, but the majority of them do not permit full description of nonlinear associations and multi component relationships among clinical variables. To address these weaknesses, researchers have gradually been shifting to machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods that have higher predictive capabilities, thus a higher degree of risk stratification. Certain models such as DeepCoxPH, Random Survival Forests (RSF) and enhanced gradient boosting models such as EXSA, proved to have higher concordance indices and enhanced prognostic with respect to classical models, both in SEER cohort, METABRIC cohort and in institutional cohort. Moreover, robust feature engineering, validation strategy, and novel prognostic indices have been appended to encourage the model reliability and readability. This survey studies these developments in the light of combination of statistical and computational approach in prediction of survival of breast cancer. The findings confirm the potentials of intelligent models to facilitate customized prognosis and guide accurate oncology and the need to merge heterogeneous clinical and molecular data to create a predictive framework that is intelligible and generalizable.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

DeepCoxPH, Random Survival Forest (RSF), Cox Proportional Hazards (CoxPH), Gradient Boosting (EXSA, CoxBoost), Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning (DL), Breast Cancer Survival

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper investigates the flexural performance of Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) synthesized using lower-grade Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) under ambient curing conditions. The study focuses on the impact of varying sodium hydroxide molarity (6M, 8M, 10M, and 12M) in the alkaline activator solution on the flexural strength of the developed GPC mixes. GGBS with relatively lower reactivity, characterized by moderate specific surface area and CaO content, was employed to examine its viability in sustainable GPC applications. Mix proportions were kept constant across all samples with a binder-to-aggregate ratio of 1:2.5 and a liquid-to-binder ratio of 0.50. Specimens were tested for flexural strength after 7 and 28 days using a two-point loading configuration. The results indicate a consistent enhancement in flexural strength with increasing molarity of NaOH. At 28 days, Mix M1 (6M) exhibited a flexural strength of 2.48 MPa, which increased to 3.01 MPa for Mix M4 (12M), reflecting a 21.37% improvement. This trend was similarly observed in 7-day results, although with comparatively lower strength values. The rise in molarity enhances geopolymerization, leading to better bonding and denser microstructure, thereby improving mechanical performance. However, strength gains beyond 10M were marginal, suggesting a saturation threshold for molar concentration benefits. The findings support the use of low-grade GGBS as a viable binder in GPC production for flexural applications, offering a pathway for industrial waste utilization and sustainability in concrete construction.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Flexural Performance of Geopolymer Concrete, Lower-Grade Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Sodium Hydroxide, Alkaline and Flexural Strength

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease significantly impacting patients' quality of life and functional capacity. While conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) remain the cornerstone of treatment, complementary interventions like yoga have gained attention for their potential therapeutic benefits. Objective: To systematically review and analyze the effects of yoga-based interventions on clinical, immunological, and molecular outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 331 participants with rheumatoid arthritis were included. Studies evaluated yoga interventions ranging from 8 to 12 weeks compared to usual care or educational control groups. Primary outcomes included disease activity scores (DAS28-ESR), health-related quality of life measures, and various biomarkers. Data synthesis was performed using standardized mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Meta-analysis revealed significant improvements in disease activity (pooled SMD: -0.52, 95% CI: -0.78 to -0.26, p < 0.001) and fatigue scores (SMD: -0.48, 95% CI: -0.72 to -0.24, p < 0.001). Yoga interventions demonstrated beneficial effects on inflammatory markers, including IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-?, while enhancing anti-inflammatory cytokines like TGF-? and IL-10. Molecular analyses revealed improved mitochondrial function, normalized T cell populations, and favorable gene expression patterns. Conclusions: Yoga-based interventions show promise as adjunctive therapy for rheumatoid arthritis, with evidence supporting improvements in disease activity, fatigue, and immune function. However, the limited number of studies and moderate quality of evidence necessitate further high-quality randomized controlled trials to establish definitive clinical recommendations.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Yoga, Rheumatoid arthritis, Inflammation, Anti-inflammatory

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This research investigates the development of low-grade geopolymer concrete (GPC) using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as a complete replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), focusing on compressive and splitting tensile strength. Three nominal grades--M15, M20, and M25--were prepared using alkaline activation with sodium hydroxide (8M) and sodium silicate in a 2.5:1 ratio. The mixes were cured under ambient conditions, eliminating the need for external heat or steam curing, and their mechanical behavior was assessed at 7, 14, and 28 days. The M25 mix achieved the highest compressive strength of 33.64 MPa at 28 days, followed by M20 at 28.35 MPa and M15 at 23.87 MPa, while in terms of tensile strength, M25 also performed best with a splitting tensile value of 3.12 MPa, followed by M20 with 2.76 MPa and M15 with 2.43 MPa at 28 days. Strength gain increased gradually over time across all mixes, confirming the pozzolanic and long-term hydration effects of GGBS. These results demonstrate that GGBS-based low-grade geopolymer concrete exhibits sufficient strength characteristics for structural applications and offers a sustainable alternative to conventional OPC concrete, confirming that replacing cement entirely with GGBS is feasible without compromising mechanical integrity. Additionally, this approach significantly contributes to reducing CO? emissions and promoting eco-friendly construction, setting a foundation for large-scale adoption of GGBS-based GPC in civil infrastructure.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Low-Grade Geopolymer Concrete, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Ordinary Portland Cement, tensile strength, and sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Effective and systematic prioritization of functional requirements is critical and crucial for successful software development, especially in complex projects. Most traditional methods often overlook the linguistic nuances of requirement specifications, such as modal verbs, which convey varying levels of priority. This study explores the integration of modal verb analysis with machine learning classifiers to automate the prioritization process. Functional requirements are classified into High, Medium, and Low priority levels based on the presence of modal verbs such as must, will, should, would, may, can, might. Using a dataset of 375 requirement descriptions from 25 different projects, we employed TF-IDF vectorization for feature extraction and evaluated various classifiers including Random Forest, Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, and Linear SVM. Linear SVM emerged as the best-performing model, achieving 96% accuracy with superior precision, recall, and F1-score metrics. This work demonstrates the potential of Natural Language Processing features and Machine Learning to enhance requirement prioritization, making software development workflows more efficient and automated

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Functional Requirement Prioritization, Modal Verbs, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Requirement Engineering, TF-IDF Vectorization, Linear SVM, Classifier Comparison, Software Development, Automated Prioritization

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

ABSTRACT Paramedic professionals play a vital role in rural West Bengal's healthcare system, often becoming the first and only point of care in underserved communities. This study explores the challenges they face--not just through the lens of infrastructure and training gaps, but by situating their work within broader ecological, cultural, and indigenous frameworks. Rural paramedics operate in fragile environments shaped by poor sanitation, climate-sensitive diseases, and water insecurity, all of which complicate healthcare delivery. Their work is further affected by global influences such as workforce migration, digital divides, and the tension between local realities and homogeneous global training protocols. Beyond these structural concerns, the study highlights how paramedics engage with indigenous health knowledge, community beliefs, and traditional caregiving practices--creating unique models of resilience and care deeply rooted in local ecology and rural cosmologies. It also evaluates the adoption of sustainable technologies like solar power and eco-friendly biomedical waste management in these contexts. Using a mixed-method approach that combines policy analysis with oral narratives and field-based insights, the paper argues for a culturally grounded and environmentally responsive public health framework. It calls for policies that not only build skills and resources but also recognize the wisdom and lived experiences of rural paramedics as essential to sustainable healthcare in ecologically vulnerable regions.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Key Words: Rural Healthcare, Paramedic Professionals, Indigenous Knowledge, Ecological Vulnerability, Sustainable Healthcare, Cultural Narratives, Public Health Policy, Climate-Sensitive Disease, Biomedical Waste Management, Global-Local Healthcare Integration

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Mandibular condylar fractures account for a significant proportion of maxillofacial injuries and present complex diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to their anatomical and functional importance. Traditional open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) ensures anatomical restoration but is associated with facial nerve injury, scarring, and morbidity, whereas closed reduction may result in suboptimal alignment and dysfunction. Endoscopic-assisted repair has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative that combines improved visualization with reduced soft tissue trauma, offering excellent functional and esthetic outcomes. Advances such as rigid angled endoscopes, CAD/CAM-designed patient-specific plates, and navigation-assisted surgery have enhanced accuracy and fixation stability, particularly in complex fractures. Clinical evidence indicates lower complication rates, rapid restoration of temporomandibular joint function, and superior patient satisfaction. Despite limitations in comminuted or severely displaced fractures, ongoing technological innovations and improved surgeon training are positioning endoscopic-assisted repair as a preferred modality for condylar fracture management.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Mandibular condyle, Endoscopic-assisted repair, Minimally invasive surgery, CAD/CAM implants, Maxillofacial fractures

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Gold has always been perceived as a reliable and safe investment option, particularly during times of financial uncertainty. With rapid technological growth and the emergence of financial technology platforms, the traditional practice of investing in physical gold has undergone a transformation, giving rise to digital gold investment. This mode of investment allows individuals to buy, hold, and sell gold electronically, backed by actual physical reserves, thus combining the security of traditional gold with the convenience of modern technology. This article aims to explore two critical dimensions of digital gold investment. First, it seeks to identify the key financial reasons that motivate investors to prefer digital gold over its physical counterpart. These financial drivers include affordability through fractional ownership, cost efficiency by eliminating making charges and storage costs, high liquidity through instant redemption options, portfolio diversification benefits, and transparency of pricing linked to global gold markets. Such advantages have made digital gold particularly attractive to small and medium investors who may not have the capacity to purchase larger quantities of physical gold. Second, the article examines the influence of behavioral finance factors on investor decisions. Traditional finance suggests investors act rationally; however, behavioral finance demonstrates that cognitive biases, emotions, and social factors often drive financial choices. In the case of digital gold, trust in fintech platforms, herd behavior influenced by peers and media, risk aversion during economic instability, mental accounting practices, and overconfidence in personal investment skills all play a crucial role. These behavioral dimensions explain why many investors are drawn to digital gold even beyond its financial advantages. The study concludes that investment in digital gold is shaped by a blend of economic logic and psychological tendencies. While financial motives ensure accessibility, liquidity, and efficiency, behavioral factors reinforce the decision-making process by providing emotional reassurance and perceived security. Together, these factors highlight the growing relevance of digital gold as a mainstream investment option, especially for the younger, tech-savvy generation seeking flexible and transparent wealth-building opportunities.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Digital Gold, Financial Motivations, Behavioral Finance, Fintech Platforms, Portfolio Diversification, Investor Psychology, Liquidity, Trust in Technology

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Evaluation of Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay's "Philosophical Thought-Culture"

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Evaluation of Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay's "Philosophical Thought-Culture"

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The interplay between politics, power, and individual agency forms a cornerstone of Indian English literature, particularly in the works of Nayantara Sahgal and Raja Rao. This study examines the social and political contexts embedded in their novels, focusing on how protagonists navigate the turbulent landscapes of colonial and post-colonial India. Sahgal, drawing from her Nehru-Gandhi family background, infuses her narratives with critiques of post-independence corruption, authoritarianism, and gender dynamics, as seen in novels like Rich Like Us (1985) and Mistaken Identity (1988). Her protagonists, often elite women or intellectuals, grapple with personal crises amid national upheavals, such as the Emergency period under Indira Gandhi, highlighting the erosion of democratic ideals and the abuse of power. In contrast, Raja Rao's metaphysical approach blends Gandhian philosophy with spiritual quests, portraying politics as a pathway to self-realization in works like Kanthapura (1938) and The Serpent and the Rope (1960). His protagonists, typically Brahmin seekers, embody the fusion of social activism and inner enlightenment, reflecting the Gandhian non-violent resistance against colonial rule and the broader search for truth in a divided society. Through a comparative lens, this article reveals convergences and divergences: both authors use protagonists to symbolize national aspirations and failures, yet Sahgal emphasizes secular, feminist critiques of power structures, while Rao integrates Advaita philosophy and folklore to transcend political materialism. The analysis draws on historical contexts, including the freedom struggle, partition, and post-Nehru disillusionment, to argue that these novels not only document India's socio-political evolution but also interrogate the protagonist's role as a mediator between individual freedom and collective destiny. By exploring themes of power dynamics, social hierarchies, and moral decay, the study underscores how Sahgal and Rao contribute to a nuanced understanding of identity in modern India. Ultimately, their works serve as cautionary tales, urging readers to reflect on the perils of unchecked authority and the enduring quest for ethical governance in a diverse nation.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Indian English literature, politics, power dynamics, protagonists, Nayantara Sahgal, Raja Rao, social contexts

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The global index of disease analysis indicates there is high risk of mortality and risk of lifelong damage at neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Global burden of neonatal mortality, with many newborn babies dying of preventable and treatable conditions, particularly in low and middle-income countries is very high. Parents staying with their child in the PICU have particular needs that should be acknowledged and responded to by clinicians. The researcher in the current study seeks to understand the meaning of lived experience i.e. known as phenomenology.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) , Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Neonatal mortality , Global burden of disease , Preventable conditions ' Treatable conditions

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The stabilization of expansive soils, characterized by high plasticity, poses significant challenges in geotechnics due to their substantial volume changes and low strength. Recent advancements have introduced alkali-activated binders and geopolymers--derived from industrial by-products like fly ash, slag, metakaolin, rice husk ash, and zeolitic materials--as sustainable alternatives to traditional lime and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) for soil stabilization. This review consolidates both laboratory and field findings regarding the durability of geopolymer-stabilized expansive soils, examining their resistance to wetting-drying and wetting-soaking cycles, sulfate attacks, freeze-thaw cycles, leaching, long-term strength retention, and microstructural changes. We compare these mechanisms with conventional stabilizers, summarize the testing methods and durability metrics employed in existing literature, identify knowledge gaps (including standardization, long-term field monitoring, and the influence of local materials and activators), and propose research priorities for infrastructure applications. Key findings indicate that geopolymer stabilization generally enhances immediate strength, minimizes swell and shrinkage, and exhibits promising resistance to chemical and moisture cycles in contrast to OPC and lime. However, durability is highly dependent on precursor chemistry, Si/Al ratios, activator types and concentrations, curing conditions, and the presence of sulfates or chlorides. Evidence of multi-year field performance remains limited and necessitates coordinated long-term monitoring.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

geopolymer, alkali-activated binder, expansive soil, durability, wetting-drying, sulfate attack, long-term performance

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This literature review explores the rising phenomenon of screen overuse, particularly smartphone addiction, and its effects on physical, psychological, and social health. Excessive screen time has been linked to behavioral addiction, sleep disturbances, visual strain, and lifestyle-related disorders such as obesity and depression. [4,9] A systematic search of modern medical and homeopathic literature was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The review highlights the neurobiological basis of screen addiction, complications including mental health disorders, and effective preventive strategies like digital detox, physical exercise, and mindfulness practices. [5,6] From a homeopathic perspective, screen overuse is viewed as a manifestation of underlying constitutional susceptibility, with remedies like Nux vomica, Coffea cruda, and Aconite providing symptomatic relief[11,16] This paper aims to provide an integrated understanding for clinicians and researchers, while suggesting areas for future research.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

screen addiction, smartphone overuse, digital detox, lifestyle modification, homeopathy, behavioral health.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition