Volume 11 | Issue 9

 Abstract

Jurisdiction is the gateway for any grievance to enter the portals of the dispute settlement and be transformed into litigation. The common understanding in the absence of any precise definition prescribes jurisdiction to be the authority or competence of any court to entertain the matter placed before it. Section 62 of the Copyright Act, 1957, Section 134 of the Trademark Act, 1999 and Section 20 of Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, are applicable for adjudicating Intellectual Property Rights violations. Section 20 CPC lays down the general rule of territorial jurisdiction. The first part, basing jurisdiction on the defendant's residence, is prompted by the rationale that the defendant, not being the person who instituted the suit, should not be put to undue hardship in defending such a suit when the suit may not be maintainable at all and the second part, basing jurisdiction on cause of action. Section 62 of the Copyright Act and the identical Section 134(2) of the Trade Mark Act carve out an exception to the general rules of jurisdiction contained in CPC. Section 62 and Section 134 give an option to the plaintiff to file a suit in a court under whose jurisdiction the plaintiff himself is based, irrespective of where the defendant is based or where the cause of action has arisen. Consequently, for violations of the Copyright Act and the Trade Mark Act, in addition to the jurisdictional grounds available under CPC, an additional ground has been provided. A very pertinent issue of the jurisdiction of courts to adjudicate suits for infringement of trademarks or copyright came up for consideration before the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in the case of IPRS vs. Sanjay Dalia and Anr. In which the Court interpreted the provisions of section 62 of the Copyright Act, 1957 and section 134 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 in view of the provisions of section 20 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 to determine the jurisdiction of the courts to entertain infringement suits/ proceedings. Consequently, the jurisdictional challenges in today's age of fast communication, have invited various viewpoints for their resolution including significant changes in the existing legal framework. Internet being one of the most radical changes in the field of information technology demands much more than a mere adjustment in the law governing it. One cannot overlook the requirement of appropriate changes in the law. Failing in doing so would give way to new complex legal issues. Cause of action as a basis for jurisdiction in cases of intellectual property violations via internet was discussed in detail in Banyan Tree Holdings (P) Ltd. v. Murali Krishna Reddy.

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 Keywords

Copyright, trademark, Jurisdiction in IPR, IPRS case, Jurisdiction in online case

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Due to its ability to either promote or obstruct equitable opportunities for all members of society, education policy is a critical factor in determining social mobility. This essay examines the vital link between social mobility and education policy, highlighting the need of developing regulations that ensure all people have access to high-quality education.

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Education policy, social mobility, equal opportunities, access to education, quality education.

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The right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution is a fundamental right guaranteed to every person, including an unborn child. However, the scope of this right in the context of an unborn child has been a topic of debate and controversy. This research paper examines the legal position of the right of an unborn child under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. It explores the various judgments of the Indian judiciary on the issue and analyzes the implications of such judgments on the rights of an unborn child. The paper also delves into the international legal framework regarding the right of an unborn child and compares it with the Indian legal framework. The aim of the research would be to examine the legal and constitutional provisions related to the right of an unborn child in India, specifically with reference to Article 21 of the Indian Constitution with 210 sample collected through random sampling method .The research concludes that an unborn child has the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution and that the State has a duty to protect and promote this right.

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 Keywords

Unborn child,Article 21,Constitution,abortion,life

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Data clustering primarily serves as a solution for tackling unsupervised learning challenges and represents a fundamental tool applied across various domains-including data mining, pattern recognition, and artificial intelligence. The main objective of data clustering is to group similar objects and allocate them to different categories. Different clustering techniques are developed and implemented to categorize data objects. Partitioning and hierarchical techniques [1] are the two classified categories of data clustering. Additionally, alternative methods such as grid-based, density-based, and fuzzy C-mean clustering approaches are also available. This paper's objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of data clustering. It covers the historical context of this technique, furnishes a precise definition, and thoroughly explores various types of clustering methods while critically assessing their respective strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, the paper delves into the practical applications of data clustering and highlights recently developed algorithms, facilitating a meaningful comparison among different clustering approaches. In summary, this paper offers a concise yet thorough review of the entire spectrum of whole data clustering method

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Data clustering, hierarchical clustering, partitioning technique, k-mean.

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An attempt has been made to bring out the significant difference between Buddhism and Jainism on ethical principles in order to attain liberation. Both adopt their respective pathway to reach the goal. Based on this study, we try to analyse an appropriate ethical principles to be adopted in the modern society to uphold the values of non - violence as a means for liberation.

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 Keywords

Four Noble Truth, Eight fold path, Moksa, Liberation , Nirvana, Guptis, Non-Violence, Tri-Ratna, Siddha-Shila, Salvation, Tirthankaras, Sramanism.

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Electric vehicles are gaining popularity as a sustainable mode of transportation, contributing to a greener future. Efficient and reliable charging infrastructure is crucial for the widespread adoption of EVs. One key element in EV charging systems is the DC-DC converter, which interfaces between the power source and the vehicle's battery. This paper presents the design and simulation of a Buck-Boost converter for EV charging applications, implemented using MOSFET technology in MATLAB Simulink.The proposed Buck-Boost converter is designed to accommodate the varying voltage levels encountered in EV charging scenarios, making it suitable for both fast charging and slow charging applications. By optimizing the converter's design and control strategies, we aim to contribute to the development of efficient and reliable EV charging infrastructure, thereby promoting the adoption of electric vehicles and reducing carbon emissions

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Buck-boost converter, Dual input DC-DC converter, Versatility, Efficiency.

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Human Resource is the department responsible for overseeing employees and ensuring that they are treated fairly and professionally in the workplace. It has become an integral part of many businesses and has been the focal point of comprehensive discussions on the state of modern corporate partnerships. Managing human resources and developing them through creative practices is a crucial part of coordinating and managing work in every organisation. The study explores empirically the concept of training and training needs, and the factors influencing training requirements of the employees in select IT companies in Hyderabad. Objectives have been frame and hypothesis has been set for testing statistical tool t test has been adopted and the results of the same have been presented and concluded accordingly.

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Human resource, relationships, employees, IT companies, innovative practices

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This study has been undertaken to understand the impact of Westernization in the Naga society and how it has indirectly affected the social structure of the society but also their culture, tradition and belief system. The advent of Christianity plays a prominent role at ushering changes in the Naga society. With the coming of Christianity, modern education was introduced, followed by modernism and all these brought massive changes to the overall structure of the Naga society.

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Political history, Culture, Tradition, Christianity, Modern Education

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Addiction is a complex taboo disease that affects the brain's chemistry and functioning, leading to devastating physical and mental health consequences if left untreated. Building a strong support system (Acosta et al., 2022) is crucial for individuals battling addiction, including family, friends, and the community. Family members can offer stability and understanding during challenging times, while friends (Tracy et al., 2016) can provide motivation and companionship. This article has explored and provided insights into the importance of a robust support network in the recovery process essential for long-term sobriety. The study focuses on the case of four drug dependents whose family members have discovered their addiction and have resorted to numerous ways to remedy. The primary data gathered was fortified through direct observation, empirical learning, and a thorough review of existing literature. The objectives are to study the role and need of family support in overcoming drug addiction and recommend ways to minimize drug use. Supported by the data findings, this study emphasizes the importance of recognizing early signs of drug abuse and dependency in family members, educating the care giver and enablers, considering the socialization process, and partaking in awareness programs.

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Addiction Recovery, Arunachal Pradesh, Drug Addiction, Family Support, Social Worker, Support System Theory

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Melissopalynology is the study of the pollen they collect, intentionally and accidentally, which gets into honey. Melissopalynological studies are useful those interested in accurately labelling commercial honeys or for substanting source claims for particular type of honey. The present study deals with melissopalynological analysis of honey sample collected from twenty-six blocks of Murshidabad district, West Bengal, India. As most of the plants are crosspollinated, the role of the pollinatorsin crop production, bees are considered to be the best performer in relation to pollination. Murshidabad is the historic place from the time of 17th century and flourished with different types of exotic and indigenous plants.

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Melissopalynology, Honey, Pollination, Murshidabad

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract: Environment Auditing is a critical tool to provide an impactful perspective for environmental sustainability. This paper extensively explores environmental auditing, its process, and its relevance. It tries to approach it in a bottom-up approach. In the context of North-East India, the paper analyzes how grassroots-level governance can be effectively employed for conducting environmental audits. Such auditing practices can lead the region to a prosperous environmental state and sustainability to a greater length. The paper mentions practices that already exist regarding community management of the environment and hence, implementing environment audits at the grass-root level can be practical. The fragile ecosystem of North-East and the economic dependence of its population make it more relevant.

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Environmental Audit, North-East India, Grass-root governance

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In India, the right to choose one's partner and relationships, free from interference by family or community, is enshrined in the constitution under Article 19(1) (c) and 21, protecting individual in matters of marriage and personal choices. Adults have the freedom to marry and live as they wish, regardless of societal norms or family expectations. This article explores the legal dimensions of marriage, emphasizing its status as a sacred sacrament transcending mere socio-legal contracts. It underscores that marriage is a lifelong commitment, symbolizing the beginning of a family and a profound union of love, respect, between an adult man and woman.

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Marriage, Consent, Choice, Caste system, Right to privacy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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An investigation on compressive strength of M25 grade concrete exposed to high temperature in absence of mixing of fiber. In some cases the steel fiber were added to concrete and then open to high temperature. The steel fiber used in study are 6mm long to a dosage of 0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9% with the weight of concrete. When concrete open to fire it will be undergoes into spalling which leads expose metallic reinforcement, this motives anguish in concrete shape, in overall performance of concrete is expanded with the addition of steel fiber.

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Steel fiber, compressive strength, fiber bolstered concrete, fibers volume dosage, accelerated temperature.

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Micro, Small and Medium-scale enterprises (MSMEs) occupy an important and strategic place in economic growth and equitable development in all countries, constituting as high as 90% of enterprises in most countries worldwide; MSMEs are the driving force behind a large number of innovations and contribute to the growth of the national economy through employment creation, investments and exports. Their contribution to poverty reduction and wider distribution of wealth in developing economies cannot be underrated. Although MSMEs make up the vast majority of companies around the world, in each country the total percentage of the workforce they employ varies. But the fact remains that they constitute a sizeable chunk of enterprises.

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MSMEs, India, Challenges, Opportunities, Finance, Government Initiatives, Growth.

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Julian Barnes is a postmodern novelist who employed the postmodern techniques such as Fragmentation, Pastiche and Intertextuality in his novels. Barnes rejected the ideas and theories of Enlightenment. Barnes believed that absolute truths are fragmented ideas and there is no ultimate reality. Like his Man-Booker Prize winning,2011 novel The Sense of an Ending, The Only Story has a protagonist who baffles over the meaning of existence. In the beginning of novel, The protagonist Paul who is also the narrator of the novel puts forward a very philosophical question: ''Would you rather love the more, and suffer the more, or love the less, and suffer the less?'' The paper explores the only love- story of Paul which becomes the defining event of his life as he falls in love with a woman who is much older than him. By falling in love with her, he embarks on a daring, and long-lasting love affair. The novel The Only Story presents an account of how romantic love empties itself of color and meaning. As being in love, Paul develops a conflict with himself and while struggling for his love, he becomes distanced and diffused from himself.

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Love, Diffusion, Postmodern, Fragmentation, Self, Conflict

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The Indian Sculpture School has made remarkable progress in a short period of time, particularly during the period between 1930 and 1960 when Ramkinkar Baij created sculptures representing various "isms." Baij's accomplishments paved the way for the future of modern Indian sculpture. The representation of religious characters has been a consistent theme in traditional Indian art over the centuries. The British Regime played a significant role in the development of modern art in India, with various art schools and centers emerging in the country. Post-independence, Indian contemporary sculpture established its own unique vocabulary. Ramkinkar Baij was a pioneer in this regard, combining elements of contemporary western sculpture with pre-classical Indian sculptural ideals. The fusion of styles continues to be a trend in modern Indian sculpture, with artists interpreting Indian mythology and history with accents of European art forms and styles. Famous Indian sculptors and upcoming artists are showcased, such as Anish Kapoor, who combines digits with notation in his aesthetically appealing installations. The development of modern Indian sculpture has been influenced by the expansion of modern art movements in Europe, but the history of contemporary modern art in India has been distinct from that in the West. The emergence of art colleges in metropolitan cities like Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay during the mid-nineteenth century provided training in Western methods. The establishment of the School of Industries by Dr. G. Buist in 1850 and the School of Art by Dr. Hunter marked the beginning of "modern" art in India. The study aimed to analyze the works and achievements of modern Indian sculpture and the development of visual idioms of sculptural art during the post-independence period. Data was collected based on emerging artists in Indian contemporary sculpture from 1980 to 2000. The analysis revealed that Indian sculptures began to strip down established dogmas and develop works emphasizing the simplicity of outlines and minimalism.

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 Keywords

visual, idioms, art, Indian, sculpture, artist

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The rapid proliferation of social media platforms has ushered in a new era of political communication, fundamentally transforming the dynamics of ideological discourse and contributing to the rise of political polarization. This research paper examines the intricate relationship between social media and political polarization, shedding light on how these digital spaces have become breeding grounds for ideological division.The paper delves into the evolution of political communication, tracing the transition from traditional media to the digital realm. It highlights the distinctive features of social media, such as algorithmic curation and personalized content delivery, which play a pivotal role in shaping users' information consumption patterns. Through the lens of cognitive psychology, the paper elucidates how confirmation bias, selective exposure, and cognitive dissonance interact with social media dynamics, reinforcing preexisting beliefs and perpetuating ideological polarization.Moreover, the study scrutinizes the amplification of extremism within social media ecosystems. Drawing from case studies and examples, it demonstrates how these platforms have been exploited to magnify polarized viewpoints, enabling the rapid dissemination of disinformation and fostering echo chambers that isolate users from alternative perspectives. The emergence of online communities centered around identity politics further exacerbates the issue, as individuals are drawn into ideological bubbles that reinforce their sense of belonging and shared beliefs.While the negative ramifications of social media-induced polarization are explored, the paper also acknowledges the positive aspects, such as its role in political mobilization and activism. It examines instances where social media has empowered marginalized voices, effectively challenging established power structures. Additionally, the study investigates potential strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of polarization, including media literacy initiatives, platform regulations, and efforts to promote constructive online dialogue.As society grapples with the implications of these developments, the paper concludes by outlining future trends and potential pathways forward. It emphasizes the need for a balanced approach to digital engagement, highlighting the importance of informed consumption, critical thinking, and responsible online citizenship in countering the corrosive effects of political polarization. By comprehensively examining the nexus of social media and ideological division, this paper contributes to a nuanced understanding of the challenges and opportunities that lie at the intersection of technology and politics.

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 Keywords

Social media,Political polarization,Ideological division,Digital communication,Echo chambers,Filter bubbles,Confirmation bias,Cognitive psychology,Extremism,Disinformation,Online communities,Identity politics,Media literacy,Algorithmic curation,Selective exposure,Political activism,Online dialogue,Digital citizenship,Media effects,Social network analysis

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An enhanced method has been proposed in this work to detect different face angles of the same individual and the ability to recognize them correctly within appreciable amount of time is being presented. Image enhancement is an important part of facial recognition. In this work, Histogram Equalization is employed to adjust the image intensity and enhance the contrast. Feature extraction is a significant step to detect and subsequently recognize the face. To extract more productive features from these static images, this work recommends an algorithm based on the concatenation of the Modified Pixel Difference Value (MPDV) and Two Power Term features. MPDV is a modified version of PDV where due to immense pixel preservation the information in the image is highly conserved. Since the Two Power Term follows a pattern that is uniformly growing it increases the information of the pixels by a great amount that helps in obtaining efficient features to be compared. To generate a row vector, the features are concatenated from above two techniques, which are restructured into a column vector. Utilizing Euclidean distance column vectors of all the images from the database are compared against the column vectors of the test image. To perceive the individual minimum distance between the specific image and the location of the image in the database is obtained.

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Biometrics, Physiological traits, Face Recognition, Arithmetic Computation, ED

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The little Indian plant, known as Elephantopus scaber Linn., is from the Asteraceae family. Although "Elephant's Foot" is the most frequent English name for Elephantopusscaber, the scientific term "Elephantopusscaber" is more Elephant's Foot, also known as Prickly-leaves or Rough-leaves. Traditional medicine has long relied on this plant's components to cure a wide range of illnesses. The principal chemical classes found by biochemical analysis include phenolic acids, terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, essential oils,and quinones. Deoxyelephantopin, which is found in high concentrations in this plant, has been the focus of rigorous screening and confirmation of its anticancer potential. Various study publications have documented a broad range of other biological properties, like antibacterial, antidiarrheal, diuretic, wound healing ability, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-asthmatic, antiplatelet, and so on.The main purpose of the review is to assess thetraditional uses, biochemical constituents, biochemical and physiological effects and bioactivities of Elephantopusscaber L. growing in India.

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Elephantopus scaber L., India, biochemical compounds, bioactivities

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The comprehensive overview of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 in India and its transformative impact on teacher education highlights the NEP's visionary approach to holistic education, professionalization of teacher training, integration of technology, and emphasis on inclusivity and diversity. The NEP's goal of producing well-rounded educators equipped to meet the challenges of the 21st century is clearly articulated. This article outlines the challenges that teachers may encounter within the NEP framework. These challenges range from mastering the comprehensive curriculum to teacher selection, curriculum concerns, competency of teacher training programs, and effective utilization of technology. It also addresses issues related to teacher isolation, neglect of co-curricular activities, and the need to balance global perspectives with core values. This articles tried to discusses the benefits that the NEP 2020 system offers for teachers. It underscores the policy's focus on holistic academic development, teaching in mother tongues, bridging the digital divide, improving teacher-student relationships, government accountability, and teachers' role in shaping the future of the nation. Overall, this comprehensive discourse sets the stage for a detailed exploration of the specific reforms and initiatives outlined in the NEP 2020. It highlights the importance of teachers in the transformation of India's educational landscape and how the NEP aims to empower them to drive positive changes in the system. This introduction effectively conveys the significance of the NEP 2020 in reshaping teacher education and fostering a brighter future for India's youth.

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NEP 2020, Teacher Education, Teachers' Role

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition